The Salem Witch Trials For The Puritan Community - 1398 Words

Texas Tech University A Town Submerged in Hysteria Cornelius Asmerom History To 1877 Professor Corye Beene October 23, 2014 The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials were a devastating time period in 1692 for the Puritan community which resulted in 20 innocent people executed. Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts 9 years before the Puritans landed in Massachusetts Bay. Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England and ultimately strive to build a utopian society. John Winthrope who was the first governor of the Massachusetts bay colony described this society as a city upon a hill. This â€Å"city upon a hill† was not going to achieve itself on its own once the Puritans got to Massachusetts Bay. The type of government enforced within their community was a theocracy, meaning that God is the true leader of society, and he expressed his action and will through men and women. This required the community to attend church daily, and if you did not show up people would come and look for you. This outdated form of government enforced and allowed the sexist practices of women because of the strong belief that women wer e susceptible to the Devils charm. Women had no legal or property rights, marrying as a teenager and having many kids was the their life. This community did not tolerate nonconformity, everyone did the same thing and acted the same way. Anne Hutchinson was a victim of the strict beliefs of the Puritans. Anne Hutchinson was arrested for heresyShow MoreRelatedThe Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials1463 Words   |  6 Pagesdissention within the Puritan society: a group of English reformed protestants who pursued the Purification of the Church of England. Among these issues, is the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials that prosecuted women to be found worshippers of the devil. The Puritans found the necessity to exercise this crusade in order to stay by their moral codes of conformity which included witchcraft to be the greatest crime, punishable by death. However, the true reasons of the trials was not to simply followRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesAlth ough many people have their assumptions as to what specifically caused the Salem Witch Trials, no one has a definite account. One must use logic and prior knowledge to come to the conclusion and realize that multiple factors play a key role in causing the trials. The Salem Witch Trials were caused by religion, politics, teenage boredom, family feuds, economic conditions, and fears of the people. The overall effect of the trials was a major part in American history, not only was it a learning experienceRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The year 1692 is remembered as one of the most scandalous times in American History. Throughout the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, over a hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the majority of them being women). 14 women were hung, and 5 men were accused leading to a total of 19 people dying due to these trials. One man was even pressed to death by substantial weights for declining to enter a plea (Linder 1). No less than eight individuals passed on in jail, includingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Puritan Culture On American Society1232 Words   |  5 Pageswitchcraft. They are living during the corrupt time of the Salem witch trials. Thomas Satterwhite Noble’s oil painting â€Å"The Witch Hill,† which typifies the mood described above, depicts a young woman being escorted to her execution because she has been accused of witchcraft. Looking at this work, it becomes clear that this alleged witch is a regular woman with a regular life. Her soft eyes suggest th at she is innocent. During the Salem Witch Trials, various people , such as the woman in this painting,Read MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Salem Witchcraft Trials1552 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚   The Massachusetts Salem witch craft trials, this was a complicated time in history.   With the conflict of the hangings, Salem didn’t have the best compromise. At a time in history when the government didn’t give Puritans religious rights, the Salem Massachusetts witch craft trials began. This conflict led to trails where the government convicted men and woman of practicing witch craft, thus being hanged. Though this compromise stopped the witchcraft practicing, the government realized those menRead MoreThe Cause Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Causes of the Salem Witch Trials In 1692 in the quaint Puritan village of Salem Massachusetts, twenty lives were claimed to execution on charges of witchcraft, nineteen by hanging and one man was pressed to death. The causes of these deaths and the Salem Witch Trails can be easier understood when the culture of Puritan Colonial life is examined. The Salem community was rooted in the Puritan religion. Puritans believed like all Christians, that humanity was guilty of the original sin committedRead MoreCotton Mather : Provoker Of Catastrophe1009 Words   |  5 PagesCatastrophe For its witnesses, the Salem Witch Trials confirmed the reality of the invisible world of spirits. The catalyst was described as a man who had an interest in the actions of Satan. That man is Cotton Mather. Mather was born into a family of ministers, including Reverend John Cotton. Mather preached his first sermon as a teenager and was ordained in his early twenties. Cotton Mather is known for his unnecessary involvement with the Salem Witch Trials. With the assistance of Cotton Mather’sRead MoreReasons Behind The Salem Witch Trials1568 Words   |  7 Pages30, 1017 Reasons behind the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 The Salem Witch Trials were a series of trials in the 1690s which accused society members of practicing witchcraft, they took place in Salem, Massachusets. What caused this mass hysteria to occur? Some contributing factors could include some socio-economic reasons, an overbearing Puritan society and the influential sense that witchcraft was taking place all over the world. Massachusetts was settled by English puritans, faithful Anglican peopleRead MoreThe Importance Of Sin And Evil In Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1171 Words   |  5 PagesIn the short story, Young Goodman Brown written by Nathaniel Hawthorne uses some of the puritan activities towards Goodmans dream, such as secrecy of sin and evil. The story introduces, a young and innocent man, Goodman Brown bid farewell to his wife but his wife did not want him to leave, so he left just for the day. He begins his walk into a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest (Hawthorne 1300) and was approached by a man also known as the devil. Throughout the tripRead MoreThe Crucible By The Salem Witch Trials1539 Words   |  7 Pagespeople faced in the seventeenth century and in the 1950s when mobocracy enveloped America. The Second Red Scare and the Salem Witch Trials were both tragic events that took place during these time periods; during this time, people were in a constant stat e of paranoia and fear. Many respected people lost their lives because they were accused of sinister deeds. For the Salem Witch Trial this meant being associated with witchcraft or conspiring with Satan; in the same fashion, during the Second Red Scare

Managing Medical Ethics and Legal Requirements in a...

Level 5 Diploma in Primary Care and Health Management 4419-601 Managing Medical Ethics and Legal Requirements in a Primary Care and Health Environment TABLE OF CONTENTS TASK | PAGE | Task 1Managing medical ethics is a fundamental part of a Manager’s role. It is the responsibility of the Manager to understand the guiding principles of medical ethics and apply them within the organisation | | a) Reflect on the journey of medical ethics and interpret how the principles of the Hippocratic Oath are applied within your organisation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | 4 | b) Examine your workplace with reference to its compliance with the legal and ethical requirements of holding, using and accessing data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | 6†¦show more content†¦It is important that the patient is aware not only of their rights, but of their individual responsibilities. | | a) Select three of the patients’ right below a. Ri ghts to choose a GP b. Rights to hospital treatment c. Rights to refuse treatment d. Rights to opt out of summary care recordsExamine their meaning as applicable to the NHS Constitution or alternative national guidelines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... | 13 | b) Evaluate measures which may be used to inform patients of their rights and responsibilities and recommend areas for improvement within your organisation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | 16 | Task 4Ensuring health and safety is an important responsibility not only for the Managers but all associated with the premises. Evaluate your organisation’s health and safety policy and procedures in line with legislative requirements and propose recommendations on how health and safety should be managed | 17 | Task 5Ensuring compliance to employment law and regulations is essential to meeting the challenges of employing and maintaining the employment relationship. | | a) Review the legal/regulatory requirements in creating the employment relationship | 19 | b) Evaluate your organisation’s employment practices, procedures and policiesShow MoreRelatedMixed Agency : An Ethical Dilemma1591 Words   |  7 PagesMixed Agency: An Ethical Dilemma Military mental health providers hold dual roles as clinicians and commissioned officers. While they are bound by the ethical code and professional guidelines of their profession, they are also held to the standard of Department of Defense (DoD) statutes and regulations. They are expected to provide competent clinical care but also enforce military boundaries and discipline (McCauley, Hacker Hughes, Liebling-Kalifani, 2008). Likewise, there may be duality inRead MoreThe Importance Of Selecting And Hiring Qualified Professionals2563 Words   |  11 PagesSelecting and Hiring Qualified Professionals in Health Care Vilasita Gumudavelli Berkeley College HEA 203 June 25, 2015 Professor Victoria Sharak â€Æ' The Importance of Selecting and Hiring Qualified Professionals in Health Care In the medical field, healthcare professionals need to always look into both major and minor aspects including advancement of medical sciences and technology. The process of selecting, hiring and management in a health care environment should involve the basic hiring criteria, andRead MoreLegal and Ethical Issues in Counseling: An Overview2769 Words   |  12 Pagessuccessful corrections community and organizational management, rehabilitation and training programs, in conformity with legal and ethical permissions, offender and staff accountability, and fulfilling the basic requirements of the offenders. The counselors have a special task to shield from harm those who are reluctantly under its care and control; therefore, modern standards for health care, offender classification, due process, fire and building safety, nutrition, personal welfare, and clothing and shelterRead MoreA Report on Hr Policies of Starbucks7223 Words   |  29 Pages Contents Introduction 2 Mission Statement 2 Human Resource Management 2 Workforce Planning 2 Hiring Process 2 Interviews 2 Job Descriptions 2 Compensation System 2 Benefits 2 Employee Motivation 2 Training 2 Workplace Health, Safety amp; Security 2 Promotional Opportunities 2 Employee Evaluation/Appraisal 2 Social Activities for Employees 2 Grievance Mechanism 2 Recommendations 2 References 2 Questions 2 Appendices 2 Introduction Starbucks is an international coffeeRead MoreSocial Work Career2319 Words   |  10 Pages Kimberly Whitfield HHS497: Health amp; Human Services Daniel  Villa July 12, 2012 Table of Contents * Introduction to Social Workers * Careers * What a Social Worker Does * Education Requirements * Work Settings * Culturally competent work with diverse populations * Career developmentRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesQuality Prog ra m Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study 2006 National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration †¢ Department of Commerce Baldrige National Quality Program Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study was prepared for use in the 2006 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Examiner Preparation Course. The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study describes a fictitiousRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesCommunity Health Center Case Study 2006 National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration †¢ Department of Commerce Baldrige National Quality Program Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study was prepared for use in the 2006 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Examiner Preparation Course. The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study describes a fictitious nonprofit organization in the health care sectorRead MoreRoadmap to Csr Sustainability in Healthcare16191 Words   |  65 Pages    skills    and    experience    to   implement   an   effective   CSR   Strategy.          Part    Two    discusses    the    mechanism    of    implementing    CSR,    the    essential    requirements    that    have    to    be    incorporated    in    the    hospital    infrastructure    before    staring    CSR,    and    the    model   for   developing   a   CSR   strategy.   The   two   mainRead MoreEngineering Ethics in Practice: a Guide for Engineers18096 Words   |  73 PagesEngineering ethics in practice: a guide for engineers Engineering ethics in practice: a guide for engineers  © The Royal Academy of Engineering ISBN 1-903496-73-X August 2011 Published by The Royal Academy of Engineering 3 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DG Tel: 020 7766 0600 www.raeng.org.uk Registered Charity Number: 293074 This is an abridged version of a full guide available online at: www.raeng.org.uk/ethicsinpractice Contents 1 2 Foreword and introduction Accuracy and rigourRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pages------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Week 1: Introductions/Overview: An Ethical and Legal Framework - Discussion This weeks graded topics relate to the following Terminal Course Objectives (TCOs): A | Given a situation related to reproductive genetics, genetic research, or the human genome project, develop a set of legal and ethical guidelines, which can be applied to genetic issues for the conduct of medical practice and/or research. | B | Given the contentious debate surrounding issues

Comparative Politics Essay Example For Students

Comparative Politics Essay Throughout American history there have been changesthat have shaped the way we live today. Some of them aresmall things: for example the way we vote, the wayrequirements for a citizenship are obtain and other minorthings that does not effect every person at any given time. There are also many consistent ways we have lived inAmerica through our history such as: the two party systemsand how we are represented have been constant for a longperiod of time in the United States. None of these thingsare as important as the end of segregation and oureconomic structure, capitalism. These two effect the entirecountry continuously throughout history, no matter who youare our what your beliefs or your political views. Capitalism is one of the longest and most importantconstants in America today. Its emphasis around theAmerica Dream defines America and appeals to manycountries, that you can own your own land, business,house, car, or almost anything you could ever want. Thisis the very essence that has separated the United States forthe rest of the world for a long time. The idea that theharder you work and the better of a job you do will bringyou financial success in your life. What would happen to America if we no longer hadcapitalism as our economic structure? There have beentwo times in American history when capitalism was almosttaken away from us. If WWII had a different outcome, asit almost did, wouldnt the country be almost forced intoFascism? This may seem as a unlikely outcome but whatwould of happen to the American Dream. During theCold War it was a stand- off between Capitalism andCommunism. If was a very tense time, and some say itwas just luck or a toss of the dice that we didnt convertand the Soviets did. Since these changes would of happenin the last half-century the effects would still be felt inAmerica. What would happen to the American Dream?The way that every one lived in this country would becompletely changed. The way we did business, the waywe bought clo thes, when we went out to eat, everything. The reason of is because the Communism and Fascism arevery extreme when compared to Capitalism. Fa!scism is extremely right wing and a dictator controls thegovernment and his power is enforced by his military. Communism is extremely left of center which has manymore citizen help programs such as: health care, medicare,welfare, in this country has a hard enough time dealing withthese problems without the economy forcing it upon us. IfCapitalism were to change to anything else in this country, itwould be the hardest adaptation the country could everface, or any other large economic country for example thecurrent situation that the former Soviet Union is in. Thatkind of change is absolutely devastating to a country. An important change in American history has to be onethat effects everyone at any given time. The period ofsegregation in this country effected everyone. It effectedhow we rode the bus, where we went to school, where welived, and it often effected peoples political views. Whenmajor things like these effect your daily life people becomeinvolved. Since the end of the Jim Crow era which beganto end in the late 60s to the civil Rights Act of 1964 whichmade it a federal offense to discriminate against a customer,a patron, or in employment because of race, color, nationalorigin, religion, or sex. Before that we had the 14th and15th Amendments which gave blacks the right to vote andequal protection. Segregation took on the countrydiscriminating against blacks and other minorities since theend of the Civil War when the Jim Crow era started. Blacks had to go to different stores, schools, restroom,neighborhoods, and even different water fountains. Whatever ha!ppened to the melting pot theory? How are peoplesupposed to learn without understanding the other point ofview? Segregation finally did come to an end andcommunities, schools, and other public places finally cameinto multiracial and multicultural places. What would havehappened if such extreme segregation was still aroundtoday and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 didnt pass and thecase of Brown v Board of Education had a differentresult? Brown v Board of Education was a court case, inwhich the court emphasized that the rights protected belongto each and every individual, not to the group to which heor she may belong.

Literary Critique of A Modest Proposal Essay Example For Students

Literary Critique of A Modest Proposal Essay A Modest ProposalJonathan SwiftIn very simple terms, A Modest Proposal is a satire of the social and economic events in Ireland. It was written in the early eighteenth century in an attempt to shame England and to shock Ireland. Jonathan Swift lived in an Ireland which was a colony, politically, militarily, and economically dependent on England. England was happy to keep things as they were to keep Ireland weak. The result was an overpopulated and poor Ireland.Swift offers a solution for the problems of Ireland in a practical manner. Through his ironic prose, Swift suggests one solution for both the problem of overpopulation and the growing numbers of starving people. The idea is to breed the children of Ireland for food and then sale the carcasses to England to improve Irelands living conditions. Swift was writing in response to the belief that the English are taking control and destroying the Irish. It definitely shows England as the villain. For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, the flesh being of too tender a consistence to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it. This writing also gives equal responsibility to the Irish for their plight. Swift was extremely enraged at the passivity of the Irish people. It was an attempt to shock the Irish out of their lethargic state.Swift had made numerous proposals to the Irish Parliament which were ignored. These proposals included the taxing of absentee landlords, to encourage the Irish industries and to improve the land. A Modest Proposal is a parody of Swifts own serious proposals. But, as to myself, having been wearied out for many years with offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of success,By mentioning his clearly more rational ideas that would have helped Ireland rectify things, Swift pokes fun of his fellow Irishmen.In his proposal he asks that no one talk of these ideas unless there is an attempt to put them into practice. He speaks of the poverty and terrible life conditions of his fellow Irish.The oppressed, ignorant and hungry peasants that are desperate for any type of salvation even though this might require the sacrificing of their young, first ask the parents of these mortals, whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to have been sold for food at a year old. After all these peasants were so desperate that they were already murdering their bastard children to avoid the expense. He uses shock value to try and open their eyes. Swift wrote this proposal with such a rational voice and logic that h e makes it seem feasible. As Swift mentions the many different advantages of his proposal, it does make perfect sense that it would help the Irish help themselves out of their plight. He makes it even more persuasive when he urges others to describe a better way to solve the problem.

Hierarchical Systems in Management

Introduction Until recently, most organizations were vertical and had many layers of managers and supervisors between top management and frontline workers (Pettinger, Nelson Economy, 2010). The classic model of a vertical organization is, in principle, similar to that commonly used in traditional military organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hierarchical Systems in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The traditional approach to organizational problems sought to discover or prescribe basic values which could universally apply to any organization. Although it is generally recognized today that there are few, if any, principles which can be applied equally to all organizations, those developed from the classical approach, for generations, had and still have strong and pervasive influences on understanding management thinking and consequently, on the structure of organizations. Today, organizations exist and operate in a fast changing environment driven by advances in technology. While the concept of hierarchy made a lot of sense in the past, this may not be so in the present world. Guided by growth in technology and heightened competition, organizations are presented with numerous approaches to business operations. The increased use of groups or teams, the growth of flexible employment, increasing use of sub-contracting, an emphasis on participation and empowerment, and the involvement of many workers in decision making have all led to changes in the traditional boss-subordinate relationship. In turn, this has led to a discussion on the role of hierarchy in modern organizations and the extent to which managers can rely solely on their perceived formal authority within the structure of the organization. This paper seeks to establish the extent to which the the notion of hierarchy is relevant to our understanding of management in contemporary organizations. In spite of the rad ical transformation witnessed in the business environment, it is still believed that modern organizations can only be understood by first learning how they are affected by hierarchy. Hierarchical Systems To a large extent, most organizations have been influenced by how the military operates and by the desire to adopt modern styles of management based on science (Saxena, 2009). In general, bureaucracies and hierarchical structures are associated with most contemporary organizations as was the case with organizations in earlier generations. According to Lucey (2004), hierarchy appears to be a natural order of doing things that applies to every single organization. In these organizations, the behavior of employees is often controlled through rules and regulations formulated by human resource professionals. Business operations are often organized in functional departments that are headed by managers or supervisors. Usually, employees carrying out similar operations are stationed in the same neighborhood.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, a hierarchical structure is considered applicable to varied organizations which include governments and even churches. In general, a hierarchical structure is familiar, predictable, and rational. However, despite being well known, the structure has inherent disadvantages that must be critically evaluated before adoption for any given situation. Simply stated, it is not a multi purpose organizational structure. The Importance of Hierarchy Besides embracing a variety of media, communication in organizations can take many different forms. The variety of media is usually presented in a format that shows the various alternatives available to the manager when choosing the mode of delivery. This helps managers to assess their personal qualities and consider what motivates and satisfies them at work. It also gives the m the opportunity to identify different career options and ways of developing their careers within an organization. In addition, it enables managers to begin the process of matching themselves to possible career options. Whether the environment is formal or informal, it is not possible to escape from a functional hierarchy. However, the more skilled the company’s workforce is the fewer the tiers of management and individual managers required. Though it is often assumed that communication takes the form of telling someone to do something, it is a much more extended, complex and subtle process, embracing careful examination of what is to be transmitted and how it is transmitted, ensuring the existence of an environment conducive to full understanding of the message sent, ensuring that the message received is identical to that sent, and seeing to it that communication is accepted and acted upon by its recipient. Traditionally, senior managers have been concerned with setting the strategic direction and objectives for the organization, and middle managers have been tasked with making things happen and managing changes. The corollary is that senior managers are concerned with results and middle managers with how the results are achieved. Ordinarily, managers are required to analyze every bit of information to support decision making and to achieve set objectives and goals. There is a lot of muddled thinking about hierarchies and the whole issue of how equally people are treated within companies (Miller, 2007). Ideally, it is necessary to endeavor to reinforce the authority of individual decisions. Oftentimes, however, when a decision of significant importance has to be made, there is a tendency for individuals to be fearful of making such a decision or else they feel the need for collective ratification of the decision. Under such circumstances, the formation of a committee helps the various members to afford each other mutual support. As noted earlier, it i s practically impossible to escape from a functional hierarchy, despite the fact that a more skilled workforce requires fewer tiers of management and individual mangers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hierarchical Systems in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The precise nature of career management tends to vary for different people, depending upon their current work situation and the extent to which they want it to develop. Thus individuals will find different exercises relevant at different times in their working lives. It is important to bear in mind that there are many variables which influence the most appropriate organizational structure and system of management. They include situational factors and the contingency approach. Changing patterns of work organization, the demand for greater flexibility, and the multi-skills challenge, as well as managerial processes such as delegation and empowerment , all have a major inter-relationship with structure and thus influence decisions on structural design. It takes the organizational values and policies and the legal requirement which have a bearing on the collection of information and how the information is to be interpreted. One needs to check that the recipient understands the information and advice provided, and observe the rules and guidelines on confidentiality as well as laws on data protection. As noted by Miller (2007), it has become clear that the concept of organization is not an absolute. It is a tool for making people productive in working together. While recognizing that there is clearly no one right organization, there is nevertheless in the final analysis, an underlying need to establish a framework of order and system of command by which the work to be undertaken is accomplished successfully. This demands that attention be given to certain basic principles and considerations in the design of organizational structure s, or in reviewing the effectiveness of existing structures. According to Kuhn (2006), the flow of communication largely depends on the hierarchy of the modern day organization. The strict classical hierarchy, which can be found in the so called old economy, caused a top-down communication structure. With the evolution of modern business, however, the need to change the hierarchy in organizations to allow flexibility is very critical (Kuhn, 2006). Due to the changing demands from customers and tasks which have to be satisfied, teamwork is one of the key words in modern businesses. By building teams of experts based on customer demands, the modern business is more process oriented than hierarchy oriented. The communication model can be better understood if the hierarchy is in the context of communication flows within an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The communication flow in modern businesses can be visualized as a net. Everyone communicates with everyone. This influences the hierarchical structure to a very high degree. Although it may appear that no differences are noticeable, hierarchy still exists in modern organizations. However, through the possibility of network communication, organizations have become more flat unlike in the past. Effect of a Deficient Organizational Structure It is not easy to describe, in a positive manner, what makes up a good or effective organizational structure although attention should be given to critical design factors. However, the negative effects of a poorly designed structure can be identified more easily. Generally, an organization is like an organism, having a moment of birth, growth through several distinct stages of development, maturation, and finally an end. As a matter of fact, there are numerous pathogens that can prove fatal to a company including seismic shifts in markets, myopic strategic vision, hostile takeovers, unforeseen competitive technologies, and the like. If a company has the competencies that flow from self awareness and self regulation, motivation and empathy, leadership skills and open communication, it should prove to be more resilient regardless of what the future brings. Apparently, it has always been part of the role of a good manager, supervisor, or team leader to be able to respond constructively to the emotional and inter-personal difficulties of members of his or her team. In the recent past, however, an increasing number of organizations have sought to augment the counseling skills of their managers by making professional counseling available to employees. Handling information is undertaken with consideration for the rights of people to know that information is stored and available and the importance of using appropriate communication methods. A number of researchers have tended to lay emphasis on the technical planning of the organiza tion and the importance of determining and laying out structures before giving any thought to the individual members of the organization. As part of the obvious duty of the manager, it is not a substitute for the need for definite planning of the structure. In short, a very large proportion of the friction and confusion in current society, with its manifest consequences in human suffering, may be traced back directly to faulty organization in the structure sense. Emphasis on the logical design of organization structure rather than the development around the personalities of its members is typical of the classical approach to organization and management. Recent attempts made to flatten the management hierarchy in organizations have sought, among other things, to reduce stratification caused by the organizational structure. The use of teams, for example, is meant to break down existing hierarchical structures in organizations and to create an environment where employees can freely dis cuss issues with one another and offer support when needed. However, each of these teams works through an organizational hierarchy. According to Harris (2006), it is possible for teams to function productively in a hierarchical, socially stratified environment seen in most organizations. This is, however, a challenge for some organizations. Conclusion Despite the fact that the contemporary business world has largely been affected by changes in technology, hierarchy still exists in organizations and is relevant for understanding the structure of organizations today. Clearly, the new business environment encourages a flat rather than a hierarchical structure in organizations but does not completely kill the existences of a structure of authority within organizations. In any modern business environment, many channels of communication exist and may be used by managers as they please to reach other employees. Similarly, employees can easily gain direct access to anyone in the organizatio n when required without having to go through an intermediary. Great organizations do not just happen by chance. Any positive organization must be based on sound, general principles of behavior to effectively guide operations. Considering that organizations exist and operate in circumstances that are generally unique, it is imperative for every single organization to come up with structures that are suitable to their own business operations. References Harris, M. G. (2006). Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice. Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia. Kuhn, M. (2006). Communication Systems in Modern Business Management Structures – Needs, Requirements and Solutions. Munich, Germany: GRIN Verlag. Lucey, T. (2004). Management Information Systems. Bedford Row, London: Cengage Learning EMEA. Miller, A. (2007). How to Manage Human Resource in Organizations. Maitland, FL: Xulon Press. Pettinger, R., Nelson, B. Economy, P. (2010). Managing For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wil ey and Sons. Saxena, P. K. (2009). Principles of Management: A Modern Approach. Darya Ganj: Global India Publications. This essay on Hierarchical Systems in Management was written and submitted by user Sage Rose to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Improve Reading Comprehension 8 Expert Tips

How to Improve Reading Comprehension 8 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Reading is a skill many people take for granted, but the act ofreading and properly comprehending a textis a complex and interactive process.It requires several different brain functions to worktogether and most often requires one to puzzle through multiplelayers of context and meaning. Because reading comprehension is so complicated, we can often find ourselves understanding the most basic interpretation of a text, but missing the emotional core or the â€Å"big picture.† Or we might just find our brains spinning with no clue at all as to what atext is attempting to convey. But luckily for everyone who struggles in English classes, on standardized tests, or in daily life, reading comprehension can be improved upon (and it’s never too late to start!). In this guide, I explain step-by-step how to improve reading comprehension over time and offer tips for boosting your understandingas you read. What Is Reading Comprehension? Reading comprehension is the understanding of what a particular text means and the ideas the author is attempting to convey, both textual and subtextual.In order to read any text, your brain must process not only the literal words of the piece, but alsotheir relationship with one another, the context behind the words, how subtlelanguage and vocabulary usagecan impact emotion and meaning behind the text, and how the text comes together as a larger, coherent whole. For instance, let's look at the first line from Jane Austen's novel, Pride and Prejudice: "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Now, a completely literal interpretation of the text, just based on word-meaning, would have us believethat'all rich men wantwives.' But the context, word choice, and phrasing of the text actually belie that interpretation. By using the phrases "universally acknowledged" and "must be in want of" (emphasis ours), the text is conveying a subtle sarcasm to the words. Instead of it being an actual truth that 'rich men want wives,' thisone sentenceinstantlytells us that we're reading about a societypreoccupied withmarriage, while also implyingthat the opening statement is something people in that society may believe, but that isn't necessarily true. In just a few short words, Austen conveys several ideas to the reader about one of the main themes of the story, the setting, and what the culture and peopleare like. And she does so all the while seeming to contradict the literal words of the piece. Without practice in reading comprehension, nuances like these can become lost. Andso it can happen thatsomeonemay find themselves reading, butnot truly comprehending the full meaning of a text. As you can see, reading comprehension involves many processes happening in your brain at once, and thus it can be easy for some aspects of a text to get lost in the muddle.But the good news for anyone who struggles is that reading comprehension is a skill just like any other.It must be learned through practice, focus, and diligence, but it absolutely CAN be learned. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Why Reading Comprehension Is Important Proper reading comprehension can be difficult, so why bother? Even though learning how to properly read and comprehend texts is a complicated process, it is a necessary skill to master, both for work andfor pleasure. You will need to know how to read and interpret all kinds of different texts- bothon the basic, literal level and on a more in-depth level- throughout your schooling, in college, and in the working world (as well as in your recreation time!). If we think about "reading" just as a literal or surface understanding of a piece and "reading comprehension" as the completeunderstanding, a personcan only get by in the world on pure "reading" for so long. Readingcomprehensionis essential for many significant aspects of daily life, such as: Reading, understanding, and analyzing literature in your English classes Reading and understanding texts from your other class subjects, such as history, math, or science Doing well on both the written and math sections of the SAT (or all five sections of the ACT) Understanding and engaging with current events presented in written form, such as news reports Properly understanding and responding to any and all other workplace correspondence, such as essays, reports, memos, and analyses Simply taking pleasure in written work on your own leisure time Just like with any goal or skill, we can master reading comprehension one step at a time. How to Improve Reading Comprehension: 3 Steps Because reading comprehension is a skill that improves like any other, you can improve your understanding with practice and a game plan. Dedicate yourself to engaging in a combination of both "guided" and "relaxed" reading practice for at least two to three hours a week.Guided practicewill involvestructure and focused attention, like learning new vocabulary words and testing yourself on them, while relaxed practice will involvemerely letting yourself readand enjoy reading without pressure for at least one to two hours a week. (Note: if you already read for pleasure, add at least one more hour of pleasure-reading per week.) By combining reading-for-studying and reading-for-pleasure, you'll be able to improve your reading skill without relegating reading time to the realm of "work" alone. Reading is a huge part of our daily lives, and improving your comprehension should never come at the cost of depriving yourself ofthe pleasure of the activity. So what are some of the firststeps for improving your reading comprehension level? Step 1: Understand and Reevaluate How You’re Currently Reading Before you can improve your reading comprehension, you must first understand how you’re currently reading and what your limitations are. Start by selecting excerpts from different texts with which you are unfamiliar- text books, essays, novels, news reports, or any kind of text you feel you particularly struggle to understand- and read them as you would normally.As you read, see if you can notice when your attention, energy, or comprehension of the material begins to flag. If your comprehension or concentration tends to lagafter a period of time, start to slowly build up your stamina. For instance, if you continually lose focus at the 20minute mark every time you read, acknowledge this and push yourself to slowly increase that time, rather than trying to sit and concentrate on reading for an hour or two at a stretch. Beginby reading for your maximum amount of focused time (in this case, twenty minutes), then give yourself a break. Next time, try for 22minutes. Once you've mastered that, tryfor 25and see if you can still maintain focus. If you can, then try for thirty. If you find that your concentration or comprehension starts to lag again, take a step back on your timing before pushingyourself for more. Improvement comes with time, and it'll only cause frustration if youtry to rush it all at once. Alternatively, you may findthat your issueswith reading comprehension have less to do with the time spent readingthan with the source material itself. Perhaps you struggle to comprehendthe essential elements of a text, the context of a piece, character arcs or motivation, booksor textbooks with densely packed information, or material that is heavily symbolic. If this is the case, then be sure to follow thetips belowto improve these areas of reading comprehension weakness. Improving your reading comprehension level takes time andpractice, but understanding where your strengths and weaknesses stand now is the first step towards progress. Step 2: Improve Your Vocabulary Reading and comprehension rely ona combination of vocabulary, context, and the interaction of words. So you must be able to understand each moving piece before you can understand the text as a whole. If you struggle to understand specific vocabulary, it's sometimespossibleto pick up meaning through context clues (how the words are used in the sentence or in the passage), but it’s always a good idea to lookup thedefinitions of wordswith which you aren't familiar. As you read, make sure to keep a running list of words you don't readily recognize andmakeyourself a set of flashcards with the words and their definitions.Dedicate fifteen minutes two or threetimes a weektoand quizzing yourself on your vocab flashcards. To get started, you'll need some blank index cards and a system to keep them organized. Thesebasic cardsare an affordable option that arealso available infun colors. You can keep them organized with plastic baggies or rubber bands, or you can get anorganizer. Alternatively, trytheseeasy-flip flashcardsthatinclude binder clips.Though we strongly recommend making your own flashcards, you can also buy pre-made ones - the best option is Barron's00 Words You Need to Know, a series of exercises to master key words andidioms. In order to retainyour vocabulary knowledge, you must practice acombination of practiced memorization (like studying your flashcards) and make a point of usingthese new words in your verbal and written communication.Guided vocabulary practice like this will give you access to new words and their meanings as well asallow you to properlyretain them. Step 3: Read for Pleasure The best way to improve your reading comprehension level isthrough practice. And the best way to practice is to have fun with it! Make reading a fun activity, at least on occasion,rather than a constant chore. This will motivate you to engage with the textand embrace the activity as part of your daily life (rather than just your study/work life). As you practice and truly engage with your reading material,improvement will come naturally. Begin by reading texts that are slightly below your age and grade level (especially if reading is frustrating or difficult for you). This will take pressure off of you and allow you to relax and enjoy the story. Here are some fun, easy reads that we recommend to get you started: Aru Shah and the End of Time by Roksani Chokshi Brown Girl Dreamingby Jacqueline Woodson Ghostby Jason Reynolds The Westing Game by Ellen Rankin From the Mixed Up Files of Mrs. Basil E.Frankweilerby E.L. Konigsburg The Parker Inheritance by Varian Johnson I Am Malala byMalala Yousafzai Harry Potter and the Sorcerer'sStoneby J.K .Rowling Once you feel more comfortable reading and practicing your comprehension strategies (tips in the next section), go ahead and allow yourself to read at whatever reading or age level you feel like. Even if you feel that you don't understand some of the text right now- or even a large portion of it!- if you enjoy yourself and give it your best shot, you'll find that yourreading comprehension levels will improveover time. Ultimately, reading should be a fun and functional activity. So try to keep yourreading exercises balanced betweenwork and pleasure. 5 Reading Comprehension Tips Improvingyour vocabulary and increasing the amount of time you spend reading overall will help you to improve your reading comprehension over time, but what do you do to help you tocomprehenda particular piece of text? Here, I'll walkyou through the steps to take as you're readingso that you can understand the text and improve how you're reading, when you're reading. Tip1: Stop When You Get Confused and Try to Summarize What You Just Read As you read, let yourself stop whenever youlose focus or feel confused. Just stop.Now, without re-reading, summarize aloud or in your head what you've comprehended so far (before the place where you became confused). Skim back through the text and compare how you've summarizedit with what's written on the page. Do you feel you've captured the salient points? Do you feel a little more focused on what's going on now that you've put the material into your own words? Keep readingwith yoursummation in mind and let yourself stop and repeat the process whenever the piece becomes confusing to you. The more you're able to re-contextualizethe work in your own words, the better you'll be able to understand it and lock the information in your mind as you keep reading. Tip 2: If You’re Struggling, Try Reading Aloud Sometimes, we can form a sort of â€Å"mental block† that can halt our reading progress for whatever reason (maybe the sentence looks complex or awkward, maybe you’re tired, maybe you feel intimidated by the word choice, or are simply bored). Reading these problematic passages aloud can often help circumvent that block and help you to form a visual of what the text is trying to convey. Tip 3: Re-read (or Skim) Previous Sections of the Text For the most part, reading is a personal activity that happens entirely in your head. So don’t feel you have to read just like anyone else if "typical" methodsdon’t work for you. Sometimes it can make the most sense to read (or re-read) a text out of order. It is oftenhelpful to glance backwards through a piece of text (or even re-read large sections) to remind yourself of any information you need and have forgotten- what happened previously, what a particular word means, who a person was...the list is endless. Previous sentences, sections, or even whole chapterscan provide helpful context clues. Re-reading these passages willhelp torefresh your memory so that you can better understand and interpretlater sections of the text. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Tip 4: Skim or Read Upcoming Sections of the Text Just like with the previous step, don’t feel that the only way to read and understand a text is to work through it completely linearly. Allow yourself the freedom to take apart the text and put it back together again in whichever way makes the most sense to you. Sometimes a current confusion in a work will be explained later on in the text, and it can help you to know that explanations are upcoming or even just to read them ahead of time. So skip forward or backwards, re-read or read ahead as you need to, take the piece in whatever order you need to in order to make sense of the text. Not everyone thinks linearly, and not everyone best understands texts linearly either. Tip 5: Discussthe Text With a Friend (Even an Imaginary Friend) Sometimes discussing what you know so far about a text can helpclear up any confusion. If you have a friend who hasn't read the textin question, then explain it to them in your own words, and discuss where you feel your comprehension is lacking. You'll find that you've probably understood more than you think once you've been forced to explain it to someone who's completely unfamiliar with the piece. Even if no one else is in the room, trying to teach or discusswhat a passage says or meanswith â€Å"someone else†can be extremely beneficial.In fact, software engineers call this technique â€Å"rubber duck debugging,† wherein they explain a codingproblem to a rubber duck. This forcesthem to work through a problem aloud, which has proven time and time again to help people solve problems. So if a piece of text has your headspinningfrom trying to work through it by yourself, start chatting with your nearest friend/pet/rubber duck. You'll be surprised with how much easier it is to understand a text once you've talked it through with someone. Even if that someone is a duck. Quack. The Take-Aways Improving reading comprehension takes time and effort, but it can be done. Be patient with yourself, work through your reading comprehension steps, andtrynot to get frustrated with yourself if you feel your progress is slow or if you feel you’re â€Å"falling behind.†You will utilize your reading skills throughout your life, so go at a pace that works for you, andtake care to maintain thatbalance between reading for pure pleasure andreading for dedicated improvement. As you begin to incorporatemore and more reading into your daily life, you'll find that comprehension will become easier, and reading will become more fun. In every piece of text, there are worlds of meaning to explore, and learning how to uncover them can be the ultimate rewarding journey. What's Next? Can't get enough reading?Whether as part of your reading practice or just for fun, check out our picks for the31 best books to read in high school. Problems with procrastination? Whether you're studying for the SAT's or studying your reading comprehension vocabularycheck out how to beat procrastination and get your studies back on track. Want to earn better grades? Our guide will help you get that 4.0 you're striving for. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links PrepScholar may receive a commission. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Courtney Montgomery About the Author Courtney scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT in high school and went on to graduate from Stanford University with a degree in Cultural and Social Anthropology. She is passionate about bringing education and the tools to succeed to students from all backgrounds and walks of life, as she believes open education is one of the great societal equalizers. She has years of tutoring experience and writes creative works in her free time. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management - Assignment Example 3120 ETRA Prof. Booke September 11, 2012 (About two – three inches below, type and sign the following statement): By my signature below, I hereby certify that this is my own individual work and it has been completed without anyone else’s assistance. Print Your Name Your Signature Baruch College Prof. Booke Department of Management Fall 2012 Dealing With Dilemmas in Business Read the scenarios below and then answer the questions that follow. As you read, please understand that there isn’t any particular right or wrong answer to the questions. Rather, this is an assessment of your ability to recognize and resolve important issues that you might encounter in the business world. Please answer each question as fully as you can in complete sentences. Do not assume any specific facts except those provided in the introduction and in each individual scenario. Do not assume that facts in one scenario can be applied to any other. This is to be an individual assignment and s hould not be discussed with anyone. Introduction (applies to the first three scenarios) Robert is the managing partner of a small accounting firm called Accountants LLC. The firm, based in downtown Manhattan, employs 10 accountants and a 5-person support staff. It provides accounting and audit services throughout the metropolitan area. Scenario A After the company enjoyed a good year in 2010, Robert was thinking about giving bonuses of 15% for all members of his staff. Early in 2011, Robert received an e-mail from his cousin, Nancy, who graduated from Baruch College with a BBA in accounting in December 2010. Nancy is in the United States on a student visa. She tells Robert that if she does not get a permanent job in the United States within two months, she will have to return to her country of birth where there is little work for American-educated accountants. Although Accountants LLC was not specifically looking for an additional accountant, and after thinking about it for some tim e, Robert decides to hire Nancy as a entry-level accountant in order to allow her to remain in the United States. To find funds for hiring her, Robert decides to forego awarding the 15% bonuses he was considering and instead orders a bonus of 12%. 1. What do you see as the issues raised by the facts in the scenario? Describe as many as you see. There is a perceived circumvention of the law that Nancy was employed only to ensure her stay in the country. The other employees are deprived of their rightful increase because of one person. There is the issue of nepotism because Nancy’s hiring was mainly because of Robert’s cousin. 2. What do you see as the consequences of Robert’s decision? There will be overemployment since there is no need for another accountant that will further cost the company by compensating an unnecessary employee. The other employees may be also possibly alienate Nancy upon knowledge that their bonus was cut down because of her. 3. What altern ative courses of action did Robert have? Robert may have opted to forego his cousin’s plea since he does not need a new employee. Further, her addition may be detrimental to the dynamics of the company. 4. If you had been in Robert’s place, what would you have done? Explain. If I were Robert I would first look at Nancy’s qualifications and find out if she could possibly be an asset to the company. If I find that she will not

What is development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is development - Essay Example This is possible by empowering people through proper education, quality healthcare and training. Satisfaction of basic needs of the people is realized when people can access quality and adequate food, water, housing, clothing, justice and peace. Efficient infrastructure in education, agriculture, commerce, health, defense and transport sectors exhibit improving development. Other indicators of development are higher per capita income, political stability, quality healthcare, availability of clean, safe and adequate water as well as food. Progressive countries and societies aspire to achieve higher development status. Peet et al (2009 p.1) claimed that development is a conscious act and process of improving the life of everyone. Therefore, development covers all aspects in life that makes lives better. For example, development involves having healthy and sufficient food; safety in dwelling place; affordable goods and services; availability of employment opportunities; efficient and adequate utilities (Medicare, education, energy and transport) and being accorded respect and dignity as human being. Various actors pursue development in different spatial setting. For example, governments pursue development nationally while individuals pursue development around their environment such as the homes, villages or urban dwelling. Development is more concerned with the conditions and environment under which goods and services are produced and distributed as compared to economic growth. Economic activities and wealth generation processes give rise to economic environment. Development is also biased to socia l consequences of production and distribution of goods and services. Economic growth alone is not necessarily development especially when few powerful individuals control the growth process. This is because economic growth can concentrate wealth on the hands of the few and leave

Claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Claims - Essay Example Understanding team dynamics, to ensure cooperation of all personnel in the organization. Selecting the right personnel who have the right qualifications. Managing conflicts amongst the different stakeholders in most organizations, and communicating within and outside the organization. (Graham, Shiba, Walden, 2001, p.43) When I was working as scripter for three years, all these skills were evident in all levels of management. In the company, there were different groups doing specific tasks and with different leaders and communication system. The groups are motivated in different ways in respect to their output. In my self assessment test, I was exceedingly interested in working in groups. I like being the group leader since I can manage the group dynamics. In my future career plans, I would like to own a company and manage it myself. The competences are incredibly essential in the entire running of the company. They are inter related in that they all aim at achieve organizational goals and objectives. The effectiveness of a manager is determined by the outcome of the organization in regard to the set objectives and goals. If the skills and competences are effective, the organization will manage to achieve their goals and objectives. In most organization, the managers lack some skills and competences leading to poor management. This is the main reason they do not achieve as it is expected of them. In most organizations, the workers are required to work together and make decisions that will enhance in achievement of organizational objectives. In my uncles company, we were grouped in teams, and this was especially challenging on my part since it was difficult to make a quick decision due to consultations amongst the group members. In the organization, different personnel did more work than others. The organization had a policy of rewarding people and groups based on the output they delivered. This was extraordinarily

Bloom Syndrome: Features, Inheritance and Biochemistry

Bloom Syndrome: Features, Inheritance and Biochemistry Discuss the inheritance, molecular and biochemical defects underlying the clinical features associated with Bloom syndrome Introduction First described by David Bloom in 1954, Bloom syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition resulting in widespread genomic instability and a subsequent predisposition to the development of cancer (Cunniff, 2017). BS is an example of a chromosome breakage syndrome, characterised by defective DNA metabolism and genetic repair mechanisms (Duker, 2002). Effecting less than 300 people worldwide, symptoms include abnormally small size and noticeable redness of the cheeks and nose. People with BS also experience impaired immune system function, reduced fertility and decreased intellectual ability in some cases (Cunniff, 2017). Over a third of the patients in the Bloom syndrome registry descend from Ashkenazi Jewish ethnic lineages (Sanz, 2006). The underlying genetic landscape of BS is complex and not yet fully understood. This essay will discuss clinical symptoms, molecular aetiology, functional consequences, methods of diagnosis and current treatment options for BS. Molecular and transmission genetics As BS is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, each parent of an affected individual must carry one copy of the recessive gene even if they themselves do not have BS. In cases where both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance that their offspring will have the condition, a 50% chance that they will be carriers and a 25% chance that they will not have the condition nor be carriers (Sanz, 2006). BS is known to affect both sexes equally and is common among children resulting from parental consanguinity (German, 2007). As there are so few cases, it is difficult to calculate a specific overall incidence rate (Tikoo, 2010). The gene underlying the pathology of BS, BLM, was mapped to the locus 15q26.1 by German et al (1994) and is currently the only gene known to cause BS (Cunniff, 2017). It encodes for the RECQL3 protein (also known as BLM), a DNA helicase important in a number of processes relating to DNA repair and replication. There are other conditions caused by defects in the RECQ family of proteins including Werner Syndrome (WS) and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) (Duker, 2002). The specific genes involved play unique and distinct roles in the maintenance of genomic integrity, making these conditions distinct from BS. For instance, premature aging is commonly observed in WS and a hallmark facial rash is observed in RTS (Larizza, 2010). BLM has a huge role in maintaining genomic integrity. Reviewed by Cunniff et al (2017), it participates in several pathways related to the DNA damage response (Figure 1). Described in figure 1 as the hero of the story, BLM is instrumental in processing DNA replication intermediates. Some of its duties include recruiting RAD51 and RPA to sites of stalled replication to prevent premature recombination, helping to dissolve double Holliday junctions to limit DNA crossover formation and separating tangled strands that might otherwise lead to errors in recombination. Consequently, BLM mutation can be catastrophic to the cell. Â   Â   Molecular biology and nature of mutations There have been over 60 mutations of the BLM gene identified that are known to cause BS. The most common, BLMAsh, has a carrier frequency of 1 in 110 in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and is unique to patients with this ethnic background (Cunniff, 2017). Ellis et al (1995) performed a mutation analysis of 13 unrelated patients with BS, identifying ten mutations, seven of which were unique. They suggested that the absence of wild-type BLM in turn affects the activity of other DNA repair enzymes, creating a cascade effect. A 2007 report identified 49 BLM mutations that had not been previously described and represents the most comprehensive study of this kind to date in BS (German, 2007). Nineteen of these mutations were found to recur throughout the population of people with BS. There were also several BLM mutations identified that were unique to just one individual, suggesting that there may still be more as yet unidentified BS-causing BLM mutations. Additionally, in nine of the people studied, no BLM mutation could be detected, highlighting the possibility of BS-causing mutations in genes other than BLM. This study also found that people from similar ethnic backgrounds harbouring the recurrent BLM mutations likely inherited them from a common ancestor or founder. The identified mutations included substitutions, deletions and insertions. The most prominent functional consequence was premature translation termination, resulting in incomplete protein product. Amino acid substitution leading to missense mutation was cited as perhaps the most important identified, given that these generally occurred within the DNA helicase region of the gene that is essential for enzymatic activity. Studies have suggested that heterozygotes with only one pathogenic BLM variant may also be at increased risk of developing cancer while exhibiting no other BS symptoms (Cunniff, 2017). Molecular defects and consequences Cells with mutated BLM are unable to perform double-strand break (DSB) repair and this is a key driver behind the hyper-mutational capability of BS cells (Langland, 2002). Chromosomal mutations also occur at high frequency in BS cells and there is vastly increased chromatid exchange leading to profound genetic instability. These cumulative abnormalities mean BS cells are among the most hyper-mutated known (German, 2007). As a result, people with BS experience a markedly higher incidence of cancer, of any type and often at a young age (Cunniff, 2017). Tikoo et al (2010) suggest that BLM mutation may be central to the common master regulatory step that precedes neoplastic transformation in all cancers. A process known as sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) also occurs at a higher than normal rate in BS cells. During DNA replication, each chromosome becomes two identical sister chromatids that are joined with one another. SCE is when sister chromatids break and recombine with each other, allowing exchange of genetic material between the two. A hallmark characteristic of BS cells is a 10x higher frequency of SCE events than normal cells; this allows BS to be distinguished from other similar conditions during diagnosis (Amor-Gueret, 2006; Sanz, 2006). A higher frequency of SCE is indicative of higher rates of mitosis and is a result of abnormal DNA repair attribute to mutated BLM. In the normal cell, BLM is recruited to DSBs on replication forks these are structures facilitating the synthesis of new DNA prior to cell division. A primary function of BLM is to remove the blockage caused by a DSB to prevent premature recombination (Amor-Gueret, 2006). This is crucial in helping to suppress tumorigenesis and BLM has been shown to be indispensable for this process, even though there are alternative mechanisms available to the cell involving different proteins e.g. GEN1 and MUS81 (Arora, 2014). Such widespread genetic instability would normally trigger affected cells to undergo apoptosis. However, Amor-Gueret et al (2006) suggest that BS cells with BLM mutations are able to evade this mechanism by entering into alternative recombination pathways that allow them to progress through the cell cycle even in a hyper-mutated state. Diagnosisgenetic testing/treatment It has been suggested that analysis of BLM protein by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis may be useful in screening for BS, however mutational analysis is required for a concrete diagnosis (Morimoto, 2002). Mutational analysis and genetic testing are important for at-risk couples who are planning to start a family. BS can be diagnosed by the identification of biallelic mutational variants of the BLM gene. However, should this test prove inconclusive; quantifying the frequency of SCE can be used as a further diagnostic tool. BS is the only condition that exhibits this hyper-recombinability phenotype, and so such a test can provide a definitive answer (Sanz, 2006). Because BS is so rare there, is as yet no effective treatment. People with BS should limit their exposure to UV light and should have any infections treated aggressively with antibiotics. Physicians must be mindful of the increased cancer risk and be scrupulous when any potential signs of cancer arise. Frequent screening has also been advised, particularly for colorectal cancer (Arora, 2014). An important consideration when people with BS do develop cancer is how to treat it. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can increase the likelihood of secondary tumors such as lymphomas, and should be avoided where possible. Conclusion BS is an extremely rare condition affecting fewer than 300 people worldwide, with a notable prevalence among the Ashkenazi Jewish community. As there is no effective treatment for the condition, patients and physicians alike must be vigilant and take preventative steps to minimise the risk of developing malignancy. Genetic counselling may also be of benefit to affected individuals for educational purposes and to inform their decision-making if they are considering having children (Cunniff, 2017). In addition to BLM mutational analysis, knowledge of BLM posttranslational modifications and how they might affect protein function is likely to be an important area of research going forward (Tikoo, 2010). Furthermore, as German et al (2007) identified patients with BS but no BLM mutations, the possibility of heterogeneity underlying BS must be further explored through the use of genome sequencing. Future treatments ought to focus on restoring the proper functioning of BLM, or on inhibition of excessive recombination. References Amor-Gueret, M., (2006) Bloom syndrome, genomic instability and cancer: the SOS-like hypothesis. Cancer Letters, 236(1), pp.1-12. Arora, H., Chacon, AH., Choudhary, S., McLeod, MP., et al., (2014) Bloom syndrome. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(7), pp.798-802. Cunniff, C., Bassetti, JA., Ellis, NA,. (2017) Blooms Syndrome: Clinical Spectrum, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Cancer Predisposition. Molecular Syndromology, 8(1), pp.4-23. Duker, NJ., (2002) Chromosome breakage syndromes and cancer. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 115(3), 125-9. Ellis, NA., Groden, J., Ye, TZ., Straughen, J., et al., (1995) The Blooms syndrome gene product is homologous to RecQ helicases. Cell, 83(4), pp.655-666. German, J., Roe, AM., Leppert, MF., Ellis, NA., (1994) Bloom syndrome: an analysis of consanguineous families assigns the locus mutated to chromosome band 15q26.1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(14), pp.6669-6673. German, J., Sanz, MM., Ciocci, S., Ye, TZ., et al., (2007) Syndrome-Causing Mutations of the BLM Gene in Persons in the Blooms Syndrome Registry. Human Mutation, 28(8), pp.743-753. Langland, G., Elliott, J., Li, Y., Creaney, J., et al., (2002) The BLM Helicase Is Necessary for Normal DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Cancer Research, 62(10), pp.2766-2770. Larizza, L., Roversi, G., Volpi, L., (2010) Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-2. Morimoto, W., Kaneko, H., Isoqai, K., Kasahara, K., et al., (2002) Expression of BLM (the causative gene for Bloom syndrome) and screening of Bloom syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 10(1), pp. 95-9. Sanz, MM., German, J., Cunniff, C., (2006) Blooms syndrome, n.p. Tikoo, S., Senqupta, S., (2010) Time to bloom. Genome Integrity, doi: 10.1186/2041-9414-1-14. Health and Safety Policies in Schools: An Example Health and Safety Policies in Schools: An Example Describe how current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are implemented in the setting. Describe how health and safety is monitored and maintained in the setting Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow, The important thing is not to stop questioning - Albert Einstein. This famous quote by Albert Einstein is very true and relevant especially when it comes to Health and Safety. The education establishment in the UK has a very strong emphasis and objective on the Health Safety Work Act (HSWA) 1974. Our whole education system revolves around this act efficiently and effectively. This act governs the HS policies and procedures for any working environment. The HWSA outlines basic and generic duties between employers/employees based on common sense principles in the form of a written Health Safety policy This act was amended in 1999 and further emphasised on what employers should do to manage HS and minimise risk. How employees can facilitate the HSWA and incorporate in their own practical working environment. The important points to consider for all employers and employees are as follows:- Have a written Health and Safety Policy in the working environment. Employers should carry a risk assessment as and when required. Employers should set up emergency policies and procedures at all levels. Employers should provide necessary training and procedures to all employees. Employers should implement the recommendations from the risk assessment. Employees should take reasonable care or the HS of themselves and others. Employees should carry assigned tasks and duties safely in accordance with the law Employees should use correct reporting policies and procedures. If in doubt, of their health or someone else reports it to their line manager/supervisor. Like Albert Einstein, we need to think and never stop questioning our safety and consider others safety and promote the wellbeing of all concerned. In my school, the health and safety policies are used effectively in various ways. The school has approximately 43 Health Policy published on their website https://molescroftprimaryschool.wordpress.com/health-and-safety-policies/ These policies have been adopted from the LA. The school promotes a culture of positive, effective working and learning environment for all staff students and visitors in the school. The school takes its Health and Safety policies and procedures very seriously; under the governing body and the local authoritys guidance, Mr Loncaster is responsible for implementing the schools as well as the corporate directorate HS policies and procedures. All Health Safety procedures are conducted termly. In my school, rigorous training of Health Safety Policy is provided to all members of staff who have different roles and responsibilities of; Fire, Child Protection and First Aid The school does an enhanced DBS for all staff and volunteers who come in contact with the school children. The school requires all potential employees/volunteers to have an induction, prior commencing to work. The induction covers all aspect of HS policies. Appropriate Induction booklet, Keeping Children Safe in Education, ERSCB Safe School, Safe Children, Safe Staff code of conduct are handed to all as part of their induction training. After the induction, volunteers are expected to sign that they have understood the HS Schools policy in the presence of the trainer. The induction is done by the head teacher or one of the Assistant Head Teacher. In addition, all visitors to the school must sign and obtain a badge which permits their valid entry in the school. Signing the register also means that they have r ead and understood the safeguarding statements. The school admin is responsible for checking the visitors and maintaining their records. The school also contains various other HS policies such as building, ground, Adventure playground, E-policy. Often school sends letters to parents via email about E-safety for parents and children. The PE policy covers all equipment/apparatus used in the school, should be checked by their respective coordinators or teachers before used by children in the school. Children use this equipment under the supervision of their teachers. Appropriate footwear, clothing is rigorously checked to ensure the safety of children during their PE lessons. The school caretaker also checks specific play area and Adventure playground daily; daily record sheet is maintained in the school. All electricals used in the classroom/school are stored away. Second-hand objects are prohibited to use in the school. All electrical equipment is PAT tested by the caretaker annually or as and when needed. Records of these test are monitored in HS Report. Our school also covers First Aid policies by providing green posters (written procedures) of First Aid provision information and instruction on all main corridors in case of emergency; these consist of, list of first aider and their contact details according to year groups The school has first aid boxes in all the cloak room; these are checked by lunchtime supervisors who are responsible for first aid. The school has also fire alarms, 3 different types of extinguishers, (foam,co2 and water). There is a comprehensive site survey every term, this includes COSHH records, First aid provision, review of Risk Assessments, fire and safety drills. All staff are required to carry out assigned task and duties safely in accordance with instructions, methods and procedures safely coordinating with their supervisors. Another example of health and safety monitored in our school is by providing sanitised hand gels in all classrooms; children should not leave their classroom unnecessarily. Children use the hand gels after their science experiment or any other class activities to stop spreading germs and viruses which may spread infections. All responsible adults working with children monitor the check and use of this policy. The school strongly believes that children must be able to take responsibility and therefore Safeguarding is also incorporated into their curriculum by 2different ways The school teaches Heath Education, Citizenship, Personal, Social. Themes such as Sex Relationship, Drugs Stranger Danger. Secondly, safety concerning; correct equipment and Risk Assessment plan for PE, specific policy for DT, Finally, the school has also water tight safeguarding policies. There are 22 safeguarding policies published in the public domain https://molescroftprimaryschool.wordpress.com/safeguarding-policies/ The school main gates are secured between 9.30am and 3.00pm and entry is only available via main reception area. Once access inside the main school, the doors are automatically sealed internally. On all the doors there are signs indicating that access to the school is by the school reception even if it starts/end of the day. The school is surrounded by a mixture of fencing. Before the start/end of the day, the car park is secured and locked to avoid accidents or use it as a shortcut route to the main reception area. There is a lollipop man patrolling at the start and end of the day outside the school to prevent accidents. Describe how people in the setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely Parents need to share their childrens medical condition with the school. They need to sign a Health Safety checklist form confirming the information is true. The school stores this information in the schools central office which is maintained by the admin staff. In addition, a brown envelope, containing confidential medical information is available to the class teacher along with the class register and pupil photograph. Medicines are checked, stored away in the designated cabinets in the staff room. They are locked and out of reach of children. All staff are made aware of accessing the keys if needed. Medicines are only administered if prior agreed with the headteacher, Mr Loncaster. Responsible children can administer their own medication. The school holds accountability to any incidents/accidents or unforeseen circumstances to inform parents. The school also is responsible for carrying out extra copies of pupils medical needs for any external educational visit. Collection of pupils: In my school collection of the pupil are ensured for KS1 and Foundation stage by teachers visually identifying parents/carers before letting them go. Occasionally, if a parent is unavailable to collect their child, then they have to ring the school office to notify. The school office passes on this information to the relevant class teacher and simultaneously the teacher writes this information on the board and also lets the child know if there is any change of collection of time/person. vulnerable children are collected by parents/carers on the right day would be subject to, on a confidential basis between the LA, MR Britton, (CPC), and the head teacher Mr Loncaster coordinated by the childrens specific class teacher/TA. The presence of dangerous substances: No one is allowed to bring any substance such as liquid, powder, gels or potions in the school premises without a COSHH Risk Assessment done in advance. A COSHH form must be obtained from the relevant manufacturer/supplier. A detailed COSHH sheet of information and records are maintained in every classroom, where the relevant materials are used and can be accessed easily by any member of staff, A log is kept in the recording sheet which is checked and dated by the caretaker along with the head teacher. All classrooms have Risk Assessment for COSHH checklist sheet posters. These are checked by the class teacher and the TA and ticked off on weekly basis. If a child is found with any kind of medication, then he/she will be taken immediately to the First Aid point and subsequently highlighted to the HS Officer as well as the Head Teacher. Trip/slip: Hazards are notified to all by WET floor signs. Senior members are notified by emails, and the class teacher shares this information with us if it is relevant to us when we are at school. All classrooms have Risk Assessment for trip/hazard checklist sheet posters. These are completed and ticked off on weekly basis. All hazard should be reported to the class teacher or senior management or should be made hazard free if possible in line with the HS policy. If senior members of staff have discovered any hazard or accidental spillage, then its their responsibility to resolve it. This effectively means either informing a caretaker, cleaners. The hazard would be highlighted to the caretaker and assess the risk and if needed act on it. A near miss form would be then completed by the caretaker. Safety or otherwise electrical equipment: Log register is available in all the classroom of electrical safety checks done by the school caretaker every term. The authorities do a formal PAT test, once every 2 years on all electrical equipment; plugs have an up to date PAT test sticker with the date. All classrooms have Risk Assessment electrical safety checklist sheet posters. The checklist also indicates what needs to be done to minimise any accidents happening These checklists are completed by the teachers and the TA and ticked off on weekly basis by the class teacher. Any volunteers/TAs responsibility to let the teacher know if stickers are not on the equipment unless they are a year old. The school follows strict guidelines by The Electricity Work Code of practice/Electricity at Work. Dangers of internet/social networking (staff /pupils): Posters for working safely on the internet is available in all the classrooms. A Clear policy for working safely is also available in the induction pack for staff and volunteers. All classrooms have Risk Assessment checklist sheet posters. These are completed and ticked off on weekly basis by TA and class teacher. Children are supervised when they are learning involving technology. Volunteers are made aware on the Induction of using social networking cautiously especially through emails, social media, or the internet If found compromising confidentiality, disciplinary actions will be taken. The school has published a detailed Acceptable Use Policy; use of Internet/computer specifically for staff and pupils in the school. Some general examples of school monitoring Health Safety: All staff /volunteers get an HS induction/training specific to their job title/role The staff and students hold the corridor and classroom doors to avoid physical injuries All visitors are made aware of fire evacuation process by posters at all main points. There is a fire alarm button indicated at all main exit points, if anyone discovers a fire in any part of the building then they should set the alarm off. A hand gel is available in all classrooms and corridors to avoid infection or virus. All staff toilets have posters and materials to clean bodily fluid and easy quick access to yellow V sign to make aware of slips/hazards. All relevant schools HS policies are easily accessible and are in the public domain. General Safety in school: Fire officer come in school once a year Local Authorities come in school to PAT test once in 2 years. Caretaker PAT test all electrical equipment termly and logs are maintained in relevant areas of the equipment. The site manager/caretaker checks the general safety of the school for eg. site checks, and security, indoor and outdoor of the school, school fencing, playground, Adventure Playground, weekly fire safety system checks, fire log book, including fire drill report, snow and path clearing, yellow line marking, building documentation/records/site maintenance manual. All employees have a responsibility to act immediately upon discovering or receiving a report of a workplace hazard; to rectify or otherwise make the situation safe All employees report all accidents and any unsafe practices or conditions to their Supervisor /line manager as we are all responsible for the safety of ours and other as well as children. Use appropriate tools/equipment in accordance to information/manual/training provided. All staff/volunteers should play a vital role in ensuring the schools cleanliness, tidiness, and maintain the highest hygiene. All staff/volunteers are encouraged to use the Whistleblowing Policy if they believe may compromise School, Local or National Policy and Law. Induction book also contains a phone no 01482394123 of the LA. My role as a Work Experience TA in Molescroft Primary School: As I have written in depth the Health and Safety monitoring policies and procedures in the school, I have a very similar responsibility as any other official staff of the school. Before I commenced to work, the school conducted an enhanced DBS check. Followed by the DBS, I was given an induction. Tour of the school was given by the Head Teacher Mr Loncaster, pointing out posters of emergency procedures such as First Aid, Fire, Fire assembly point. The induction was covered with detailed information on various policy, especially in depth of the Health Safety and the Safeguarding policy because I would be working with children in the classroom. An example from the point of safeguarding policy is I must not work with a lone child in the classroom with doors closed. I must not carry/move awkward objects in the school. I must challenge anyone who is not wearing a badge simultaneously If Im found inside the school premises without a badge, then I would also be challenged. Training was pro vided by using equipment in the school. As mentioned earlier that I have to take responsibility for understanding and implementing the schools HS policies I was made to sign the induction checklist that I have understood the schools policies and will strictly follow in the school. My schools Health and Safety is monitored by

Freedom both Digital and Literal Essay -- Censorship

With recent events such as the Megaupload shutdown and occupy protests around the globe, the internet and its current state has been receiving much attention. The internet has become an integral part of our lives, link people overseas, transmitting ideas, and propelling innovation. Because of this, governments and service providers should not regulate, restrict, or censor the internet. The Internet we know today serves as a medium for our entertainment, communication, and commercial needs. It is something many of us have come to take for granted. However, the original intended purpose of the first â€Å"internet† goes back to the days of the Cold War where the ever looming threat of a nuclear missile strike prompted the U.S., as well as many other countries, to build a robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer network. By 1970, ARPANET had been born, funded by the Department of Defense and linking research facilities from the east coast to the west. Not until the 1990’s was the internet commercialized, gaining widespread popularity and incorporated into many aspects of our lives. With 2.2 billion people connected today, problems must undoubtedly rise. However, how different groups attempt to handle these problems can be as different as day and night. There are several issues at stake here regarding regulation, including anti-piracy laws, net neutrality, and freedom of speech. The most recent of these issues concerns many pieces â€Å"anti-piracy† legislation that have appeared before Congress in the United States and before the European Union. In 2010, Congress attempted to quietly pass the Combatting Infringement and Counterfeits Act. Fortunately, news quickly spread and petitions were submitted to prevent its passing. Senator Wy... ... saw."ZDNet. ZDNet, 15 Nov 2011. Web. 13 Apr 2012. "Growing Chorus of Opposition to "Stop Online Piracy Act"."Center for Democracy & Technology. N.P., 09 Jan 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong.  § 3(d)(2)(D); "Text of S. 968," Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011. "Senator: Web Censorship Bill A ‘Bunker-Busting Cluster Bomb’." Wired. (2012): 1. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. Tassi, Paul. "You Will Never Kill Piracy, and Piracy Will Never Kill You." Forbes. Forbes, 03 FEB 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. "BitTorrent Piracy Doesn’t Affect US Box Office Returns, Study Finds." Torrentfreak. N.p., 10 Feb 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. Suderman, Peter. "Internet Cop." Reason. 01 Mar. 2011: 20. eLibrary. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. "Background." Global Internet Freedom Consortium. 04 June 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. .