Hierarchical Systems in Management

Introduction Until recently, most organizations were vertical and had many layers of managers and supervisors between top management and frontline workers (Pettinger, Nelson Economy, 2010). The classic model of a vertical organization is, in principle, similar to that commonly used in traditional military organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hierarchical Systems in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The traditional approach to organizational problems sought to discover or prescribe basic values which could universally apply to any organization. Although it is generally recognized today that there are few, if any, principles which can be applied equally to all organizations, those developed from the classical approach, for generations, had and still have strong and pervasive influences on understanding management thinking and consequently, on the structure of organizations. Today, organizations exist and operate in a fast changing environment driven by advances in technology. While the concept of hierarchy made a lot of sense in the past, this may not be so in the present world. Guided by growth in technology and heightened competition, organizations are presented with numerous approaches to business operations. The increased use of groups or teams, the growth of flexible employment, increasing use of sub-contracting, an emphasis on participation and empowerment, and the involvement of many workers in decision making have all led to changes in the traditional boss-subordinate relationship. In turn, this has led to a discussion on the role of hierarchy in modern organizations and the extent to which managers can rely solely on their perceived formal authority within the structure of the organization. This paper seeks to establish the extent to which the the notion of hierarchy is relevant to our understanding of management in contemporary organizations. In spite of the rad ical transformation witnessed in the business environment, it is still believed that modern organizations can only be understood by first learning how they are affected by hierarchy. Hierarchical Systems To a large extent, most organizations have been influenced by how the military operates and by the desire to adopt modern styles of management based on science (Saxena, 2009). In general, bureaucracies and hierarchical structures are associated with most contemporary organizations as was the case with organizations in earlier generations. According to Lucey (2004), hierarchy appears to be a natural order of doing things that applies to every single organization. In these organizations, the behavior of employees is often controlled through rules and regulations formulated by human resource professionals. Business operations are often organized in functional departments that are headed by managers or supervisors. Usually, employees carrying out similar operations are stationed in the same neighborhood.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, a hierarchical structure is considered applicable to varied organizations which include governments and even churches. In general, a hierarchical structure is familiar, predictable, and rational. However, despite being well known, the structure has inherent disadvantages that must be critically evaluated before adoption for any given situation. Simply stated, it is not a multi purpose organizational structure. The Importance of Hierarchy Besides embracing a variety of media, communication in organizations can take many different forms. The variety of media is usually presented in a format that shows the various alternatives available to the manager when choosing the mode of delivery. This helps managers to assess their personal qualities and consider what motivates and satisfies them at work. It also gives the m the opportunity to identify different career options and ways of developing their careers within an organization. In addition, it enables managers to begin the process of matching themselves to possible career options. Whether the environment is formal or informal, it is not possible to escape from a functional hierarchy. However, the more skilled the company’s workforce is the fewer the tiers of management and individual managers required. Though it is often assumed that communication takes the form of telling someone to do something, it is a much more extended, complex and subtle process, embracing careful examination of what is to be transmitted and how it is transmitted, ensuring the existence of an environment conducive to full understanding of the message sent, ensuring that the message received is identical to that sent, and seeing to it that communication is accepted and acted upon by its recipient. Traditionally, senior managers have been concerned with setting the strategic direction and objectives for the organization, and middle managers have been tasked with making things happen and managing changes. The corollary is that senior managers are concerned with results and middle managers with how the results are achieved. Ordinarily, managers are required to analyze every bit of information to support decision making and to achieve set objectives and goals. There is a lot of muddled thinking about hierarchies and the whole issue of how equally people are treated within companies (Miller, 2007). Ideally, it is necessary to endeavor to reinforce the authority of individual decisions. Oftentimes, however, when a decision of significant importance has to be made, there is a tendency for individuals to be fearful of making such a decision or else they feel the need for collective ratification of the decision. Under such circumstances, the formation of a committee helps the various members to afford each other mutual support. As noted earlier, it i s practically impossible to escape from a functional hierarchy, despite the fact that a more skilled workforce requires fewer tiers of management and individual mangers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hierarchical Systems in Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The precise nature of career management tends to vary for different people, depending upon their current work situation and the extent to which they want it to develop. Thus individuals will find different exercises relevant at different times in their working lives. It is important to bear in mind that there are many variables which influence the most appropriate organizational structure and system of management. They include situational factors and the contingency approach. Changing patterns of work organization, the demand for greater flexibility, and the multi-skills challenge, as well as managerial processes such as delegation and empowerment , all have a major inter-relationship with structure and thus influence decisions on structural design. It takes the organizational values and policies and the legal requirement which have a bearing on the collection of information and how the information is to be interpreted. One needs to check that the recipient understands the information and advice provided, and observe the rules and guidelines on confidentiality as well as laws on data protection. As noted by Miller (2007), it has become clear that the concept of organization is not an absolute. It is a tool for making people productive in working together. While recognizing that there is clearly no one right organization, there is nevertheless in the final analysis, an underlying need to establish a framework of order and system of command by which the work to be undertaken is accomplished successfully. This demands that attention be given to certain basic principles and considerations in the design of organizational structure s, or in reviewing the effectiveness of existing structures. According to Kuhn (2006), the flow of communication largely depends on the hierarchy of the modern day organization. The strict classical hierarchy, which can be found in the so called old economy, caused a top-down communication structure. With the evolution of modern business, however, the need to change the hierarchy in organizations to allow flexibility is very critical (Kuhn, 2006). Due to the changing demands from customers and tasks which have to be satisfied, teamwork is one of the key words in modern businesses. By building teams of experts based on customer demands, the modern business is more process oriented than hierarchy oriented. The communication model can be better understood if the hierarchy is in the context of communication flows within an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The communication flow in modern businesses can be visualized as a net. Everyone communicates with everyone. This influences the hierarchical structure to a very high degree. Although it may appear that no differences are noticeable, hierarchy still exists in modern organizations. However, through the possibility of network communication, organizations have become more flat unlike in the past. Effect of a Deficient Organizational Structure It is not easy to describe, in a positive manner, what makes up a good or effective organizational structure although attention should be given to critical design factors. However, the negative effects of a poorly designed structure can be identified more easily. Generally, an organization is like an organism, having a moment of birth, growth through several distinct stages of development, maturation, and finally an end. As a matter of fact, there are numerous pathogens that can prove fatal to a company including seismic shifts in markets, myopic strategic vision, hostile takeovers, unforeseen competitive technologies, and the like. If a company has the competencies that flow from self awareness and self regulation, motivation and empathy, leadership skills and open communication, it should prove to be more resilient regardless of what the future brings. Apparently, it has always been part of the role of a good manager, supervisor, or team leader to be able to respond constructively to the emotional and inter-personal difficulties of members of his or her team. In the recent past, however, an increasing number of organizations have sought to augment the counseling skills of their managers by making professional counseling available to employees. Handling information is undertaken with consideration for the rights of people to know that information is stored and available and the importance of using appropriate communication methods. A number of researchers have tended to lay emphasis on the technical planning of the organiza tion and the importance of determining and laying out structures before giving any thought to the individual members of the organization. As part of the obvious duty of the manager, it is not a substitute for the need for definite planning of the structure. In short, a very large proportion of the friction and confusion in current society, with its manifest consequences in human suffering, may be traced back directly to faulty organization in the structure sense. Emphasis on the logical design of organization structure rather than the development around the personalities of its members is typical of the classical approach to organization and management. Recent attempts made to flatten the management hierarchy in organizations have sought, among other things, to reduce stratification caused by the organizational structure. The use of teams, for example, is meant to break down existing hierarchical structures in organizations and to create an environment where employees can freely dis cuss issues with one another and offer support when needed. However, each of these teams works through an organizational hierarchy. According to Harris (2006), it is possible for teams to function productively in a hierarchical, socially stratified environment seen in most organizations. This is, however, a challenge for some organizations. Conclusion Despite the fact that the contemporary business world has largely been affected by changes in technology, hierarchy still exists in organizations and is relevant for understanding the structure of organizations today. Clearly, the new business environment encourages a flat rather than a hierarchical structure in organizations but does not completely kill the existences of a structure of authority within organizations. In any modern business environment, many channels of communication exist and may be used by managers as they please to reach other employees. Similarly, employees can easily gain direct access to anyone in the organizatio n when required without having to go through an intermediary. Great organizations do not just happen by chance. Any positive organization must be based on sound, general principles of behavior to effectively guide operations. Considering that organizations exist and operate in circumstances that are generally unique, it is imperative for every single organization to come up with structures that are suitable to their own business operations. References Harris, M. G. (2006). Managing Health Services: Concepts and Practice. Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier Australia. Kuhn, M. (2006). Communication Systems in Modern Business Management Structures – Needs, Requirements and Solutions. Munich, Germany: GRIN Verlag. Lucey, T. (2004). Management Information Systems. Bedford Row, London: Cengage Learning EMEA. Miller, A. (2007). How to Manage Human Resource in Organizations. Maitland, FL: Xulon Press. Pettinger, R., Nelson, B. Economy, P. (2010). Managing For Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wil ey and Sons. Saxena, P. K. (2009). Principles of Management: A Modern Approach. Darya Ganj: Global India Publications. This essay on Hierarchical Systems in Management was written and submitted by user Sage Rose to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Improve Reading Comprehension 8 Expert Tips

How to Improve Reading Comprehension 8 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Reading is a skill many people take for granted, but the act ofreading and properly comprehending a textis a complex and interactive process.It requires several different brain functions to worktogether and most often requires one to puzzle through multiplelayers of context and meaning. Because reading comprehension is so complicated, we can often find ourselves understanding the most basic interpretation of a text, but missing the emotional core or the â€Å"big picture.† Or we might just find our brains spinning with no clue at all as to what atext is attempting to convey. But luckily for everyone who struggles in English classes, on standardized tests, or in daily life, reading comprehension can be improved upon (and it’s never too late to start!). In this guide, I explain step-by-step how to improve reading comprehension over time and offer tips for boosting your understandingas you read. What Is Reading Comprehension? Reading comprehension is the understanding of what a particular text means and the ideas the author is attempting to convey, both textual and subtextual.In order to read any text, your brain must process not only the literal words of the piece, but alsotheir relationship with one another, the context behind the words, how subtlelanguage and vocabulary usagecan impact emotion and meaning behind the text, and how the text comes together as a larger, coherent whole. For instance, let's look at the first line from Jane Austen's novel, Pride and Prejudice: "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Now, a completely literal interpretation of the text, just based on word-meaning, would have us believethat'all rich men wantwives.' But the context, word choice, and phrasing of the text actually belie that interpretation. By using the phrases "universally acknowledged" and "must be in want of" (emphasis ours), the text is conveying a subtle sarcasm to the words. Instead of it being an actual truth that 'rich men want wives,' thisone sentenceinstantlytells us that we're reading about a societypreoccupied withmarriage, while also implyingthat the opening statement is something people in that society may believe, but that isn't necessarily true. In just a few short words, Austen conveys several ideas to the reader about one of the main themes of the story, the setting, and what the culture and peopleare like. And she does so all the while seeming to contradict the literal words of the piece. Without practice in reading comprehension, nuances like these can become lost. Andso it can happen thatsomeonemay find themselves reading, butnot truly comprehending the full meaning of a text. As you can see, reading comprehension involves many processes happening in your brain at once, and thus it can be easy for some aspects of a text to get lost in the muddle.But the good news for anyone who struggles is that reading comprehension is a skill just like any other.It must be learned through practice, focus, and diligence, but it absolutely CAN be learned. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Why Reading Comprehension Is Important Proper reading comprehension can be difficult, so why bother? Even though learning how to properly read and comprehend texts is a complicated process, it is a necessary skill to master, both for work andfor pleasure. You will need to know how to read and interpret all kinds of different texts- bothon the basic, literal level and on a more in-depth level- throughout your schooling, in college, and in the working world (as well as in your recreation time!). If we think about "reading" just as a literal or surface understanding of a piece and "reading comprehension" as the completeunderstanding, a personcan only get by in the world on pure "reading" for so long. Readingcomprehensionis essential for many significant aspects of daily life, such as: Reading, understanding, and analyzing literature in your English classes Reading and understanding texts from your other class subjects, such as history, math, or science Doing well on both the written and math sections of the SAT (or all five sections of the ACT) Understanding and engaging with current events presented in written form, such as news reports Properly understanding and responding to any and all other workplace correspondence, such as essays, reports, memos, and analyses Simply taking pleasure in written work on your own leisure time Just like with any goal or skill, we can master reading comprehension one step at a time. How to Improve Reading Comprehension: 3 Steps Because reading comprehension is a skill that improves like any other, you can improve your understanding with practice and a game plan. Dedicate yourself to engaging in a combination of both "guided" and "relaxed" reading practice for at least two to three hours a week.Guided practicewill involvestructure and focused attention, like learning new vocabulary words and testing yourself on them, while relaxed practice will involvemerely letting yourself readand enjoy reading without pressure for at least one to two hours a week. (Note: if you already read for pleasure, add at least one more hour of pleasure-reading per week.) By combining reading-for-studying and reading-for-pleasure, you'll be able to improve your reading skill without relegating reading time to the realm of "work" alone. Reading is a huge part of our daily lives, and improving your comprehension should never come at the cost of depriving yourself ofthe pleasure of the activity. So what are some of the firststeps for improving your reading comprehension level? Step 1: Understand and Reevaluate How You’re Currently Reading Before you can improve your reading comprehension, you must first understand how you’re currently reading and what your limitations are. Start by selecting excerpts from different texts with which you are unfamiliar- text books, essays, novels, news reports, or any kind of text you feel you particularly struggle to understand- and read them as you would normally.As you read, see if you can notice when your attention, energy, or comprehension of the material begins to flag. If your comprehension or concentration tends to lagafter a period of time, start to slowly build up your stamina. For instance, if you continually lose focus at the 20minute mark every time you read, acknowledge this and push yourself to slowly increase that time, rather than trying to sit and concentrate on reading for an hour or two at a stretch. Beginby reading for your maximum amount of focused time (in this case, twenty minutes), then give yourself a break. Next time, try for 22minutes. Once you've mastered that, tryfor 25and see if you can still maintain focus. If you can, then try for thirty. If you find that your concentration or comprehension starts to lag again, take a step back on your timing before pushingyourself for more. Improvement comes with time, and it'll only cause frustration if youtry to rush it all at once. Alternatively, you may findthat your issueswith reading comprehension have less to do with the time spent readingthan with the source material itself. Perhaps you struggle to comprehendthe essential elements of a text, the context of a piece, character arcs or motivation, booksor textbooks with densely packed information, or material that is heavily symbolic. If this is the case, then be sure to follow thetips belowto improve these areas of reading comprehension weakness. Improving your reading comprehension level takes time andpractice, but understanding where your strengths and weaknesses stand now is the first step towards progress. Step 2: Improve Your Vocabulary Reading and comprehension rely ona combination of vocabulary, context, and the interaction of words. So you must be able to understand each moving piece before you can understand the text as a whole. If you struggle to understand specific vocabulary, it's sometimespossibleto pick up meaning through context clues (how the words are used in the sentence or in the passage), but it’s always a good idea to lookup thedefinitions of wordswith which you aren't familiar. As you read, make sure to keep a running list of words you don't readily recognize andmakeyourself a set of flashcards with the words and their definitions.Dedicate fifteen minutes two or threetimes a weektoand quizzing yourself on your vocab flashcards. To get started, you'll need some blank index cards and a system to keep them organized. Thesebasic cardsare an affordable option that arealso available infun colors. You can keep them organized with plastic baggies or rubber bands, or you can get anorganizer. Alternatively, trytheseeasy-flip flashcardsthatinclude binder clips.Though we strongly recommend making your own flashcards, you can also buy pre-made ones - the best option is Barron's00 Words You Need to Know, a series of exercises to master key words andidioms. In order to retainyour vocabulary knowledge, you must practice acombination of practiced memorization (like studying your flashcards) and make a point of usingthese new words in your verbal and written communication.Guided vocabulary practice like this will give you access to new words and their meanings as well asallow you to properlyretain them. Step 3: Read for Pleasure The best way to improve your reading comprehension level isthrough practice. And the best way to practice is to have fun with it! Make reading a fun activity, at least on occasion,rather than a constant chore. This will motivate you to engage with the textand embrace the activity as part of your daily life (rather than just your study/work life). As you practice and truly engage with your reading material,improvement will come naturally. Begin by reading texts that are slightly below your age and grade level (especially if reading is frustrating or difficult for you). This will take pressure off of you and allow you to relax and enjoy the story. Here are some fun, easy reads that we recommend to get you started: Aru Shah and the End of Time by Roksani Chokshi Brown Girl Dreamingby Jacqueline Woodson Ghostby Jason Reynolds The Westing Game by Ellen Rankin From the Mixed Up Files of Mrs. Basil E.Frankweilerby E.L. Konigsburg The Parker Inheritance by Varian Johnson I Am Malala byMalala Yousafzai Harry Potter and the Sorcerer'sStoneby J.K .Rowling Once you feel more comfortable reading and practicing your comprehension strategies (tips in the next section), go ahead and allow yourself to read at whatever reading or age level you feel like. Even if you feel that you don't understand some of the text right now- or even a large portion of it!- if you enjoy yourself and give it your best shot, you'll find that yourreading comprehension levels will improveover time. Ultimately, reading should be a fun and functional activity. So try to keep yourreading exercises balanced betweenwork and pleasure. 5 Reading Comprehension Tips Improvingyour vocabulary and increasing the amount of time you spend reading overall will help you to improve your reading comprehension over time, but what do you do to help you tocomprehenda particular piece of text? Here, I'll walkyou through the steps to take as you're readingso that you can understand the text and improve how you're reading, when you're reading. Tip1: Stop When You Get Confused and Try to Summarize What You Just Read As you read, let yourself stop whenever youlose focus or feel confused. Just stop.Now, without re-reading, summarize aloud or in your head what you've comprehended so far (before the place where you became confused). Skim back through the text and compare how you've summarizedit with what's written on the page. Do you feel you've captured the salient points? Do you feel a little more focused on what's going on now that you've put the material into your own words? Keep readingwith yoursummation in mind and let yourself stop and repeat the process whenever the piece becomes confusing to you. The more you're able to re-contextualizethe work in your own words, the better you'll be able to understand it and lock the information in your mind as you keep reading. Tip 2: If You’re Struggling, Try Reading Aloud Sometimes, we can form a sort of â€Å"mental block† that can halt our reading progress for whatever reason (maybe the sentence looks complex or awkward, maybe you’re tired, maybe you feel intimidated by the word choice, or are simply bored). Reading these problematic passages aloud can often help circumvent that block and help you to form a visual of what the text is trying to convey. Tip 3: Re-read (or Skim) Previous Sections of the Text For the most part, reading is a personal activity that happens entirely in your head. So don’t feel you have to read just like anyone else if "typical" methodsdon’t work for you. Sometimes it can make the most sense to read (or re-read) a text out of order. It is oftenhelpful to glance backwards through a piece of text (or even re-read large sections) to remind yourself of any information you need and have forgotten- what happened previously, what a particular word means, who a person was...the list is endless. Previous sentences, sections, or even whole chapterscan provide helpful context clues. Re-reading these passages willhelp torefresh your memory so that you can better understand and interpretlater sections of the text. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Tip 4: Skim or Read Upcoming Sections of the Text Just like with the previous step, don’t feel that the only way to read and understand a text is to work through it completely linearly. Allow yourself the freedom to take apart the text and put it back together again in whichever way makes the most sense to you. Sometimes a current confusion in a work will be explained later on in the text, and it can help you to know that explanations are upcoming or even just to read them ahead of time. So skip forward or backwards, re-read or read ahead as you need to, take the piece in whatever order you need to in order to make sense of the text. Not everyone thinks linearly, and not everyone best understands texts linearly either. Tip 5: Discussthe Text With a Friend (Even an Imaginary Friend) Sometimes discussing what you know so far about a text can helpclear up any confusion. If you have a friend who hasn't read the textin question, then explain it to them in your own words, and discuss where you feel your comprehension is lacking. You'll find that you've probably understood more than you think once you've been forced to explain it to someone who's completely unfamiliar with the piece. Even if no one else is in the room, trying to teach or discusswhat a passage says or meanswith â€Å"someone else†can be extremely beneficial.In fact, software engineers call this technique â€Å"rubber duck debugging,† wherein they explain a codingproblem to a rubber duck. This forcesthem to work through a problem aloud, which has proven time and time again to help people solve problems. So if a piece of text has your headspinningfrom trying to work through it by yourself, start chatting with your nearest friend/pet/rubber duck. You'll be surprised with how much easier it is to understand a text once you've talked it through with someone. Even if that someone is a duck. Quack. The Take-Aways Improving reading comprehension takes time and effort, but it can be done. Be patient with yourself, work through your reading comprehension steps, andtrynot to get frustrated with yourself if you feel your progress is slow or if you feel you’re â€Å"falling behind.†You will utilize your reading skills throughout your life, so go at a pace that works for you, andtake care to maintain thatbalance between reading for pure pleasure andreading for dedicated improvement. As you begin to incorporatemore and more reading into your daily life, you'll find that comprehension will become easier, and reading will become more fun. In every piece of text, there are worlds of meaning to explore, and learning how to uncover them can be the ultimate rewarding journey. What's Next? Can't get enough reading?Whether as part of your reading practice or just for fun, check out our picks for the31 best books to read in high school. Problems with procrastination? Whether you're studying for the SAT's or studying your reading comprehension vocabularycheck out how to beat procrastination and get your studies back on track. Want to earn better grades? Our guide will help you get that 4.0 you're striving for. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links PrepScholar may receive a commission. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Courtney Montgomery About the Author Courtney scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT in high school and went on to graduate from Stanford University with a degree in Cultural and Social Anthropology. She is passionate about bringing education and the tools to succeed to students from all backgrounds and walks of life, as she believes open education is one of the great societal equalizers. She has years of tutoring experience and writes creative works in her free time. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management - Assignment Example 3120 ETRA Prof. Booke September 11, 2012 (About two – three inches below, type and sign the following statement): By my signature below, I hereby certify that this is my own individual work and it has been completed without anyone else’s assistance. Print Your Name Your Signature Baruch College Prof. Booke Department of Management Fall 2012 Dealing With Dilemmas in Business Read the scenarios below and then answer the questions that follow. As you read, please understand that there isn’t any particular right or wrong answer to the questions. Rather, this is an assessment of your ability to recognize and resolve important issues that you might encounter in the business world. Please answer each question as fully as you can in complete sentences. Do not assume any specific facts except those provided in the introduction and in each individual scenario. Do not assume that facts in one scenario can be applied to any other. This is to be an individual assignment and s hould not be discussed with anyone. Introduction (applies to the first three scenarios) Robert is the managing partner of a small accounting firm called Accountants LLC. The firm, based in downtown Manhattan, employs 10 accountants and a 5-person support staff. It provides accounting and audit services throughout the metropolitan area. Scenario A After the company enjoyed a good year in 2010, Robert was thinking about giving bonuses of 15% for all members of his staff. Early in 2011, Robert received an e-mail from his cousin, Nancy, who graduated from Baruch College with a BBA in accounting in December 2010. Nancy is in the United States on a student visa. She tells Robert that if she does not get a permanent job in the United States within two months, she will have to return to her country of birth where there is little work for American-educated accountants. Although Accountants LLC was not specifically looking for an additional accountant, and after thinking about it for some tim e, Robert decides to hire Nancy as a entry-level accountant in order to allow her to remain in the United States. To find funds for hiring her, Robert decides to forego awarding the 15% bonuses he was considering and instead orders a bonus of 12%. 1. What do you see as the issues raised by the facts in the scenario? Describe as many as you see. There is a perceived circumvention of the law that Nancy was employed only to ensure her stay in the country. The other employees are deprived of their rightful increase because of one person. There is the issue of nepotism because Nancy’s hiring was mainly because of Robert’s cousin. 2. What do you see as the consequences of Robert’s decision? There will be overemployment since there is no need for another accountant that will further cost the company by compensating an unnecessary employee. The other employees may be also possibly alienate Nancy upon knowledge that their bonus was cut down because of her. 3. What altern ative courses of action did Robert have? Robert may have opted to forego his cousin’s plea since he does not need a new employee. Further, her addition may be detrimental to the dynamics of the company. 4. If you had been in Robert’s place, what would you have done? Explain. If I were Robert I would first look at Nancy’s qualifications and find out if she could possibly be an asset to the company. If I find that she will not

What is development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is development - Essay Example This is possible by empowering people through proper education, quality healthcare and training. Satisfaction of basic needs of the people is realized when people can access quality and adequate food, water, housing, clothing, justice and peace. Efficient infrastructure in education, agriculture, commerce, health, defense and transport sectors exhibit improving development. Other indicators of development are higher per capita income, political stability, quality healthcare, availability of clean, safe and adequate water as well as food. Progressive countries and societies aspire to achieve higher development status. Peet et al (2009 p.1) claimed that development is a conscious act and process of improving the life of everyone. Therefore, development covers all aspects in life that makes lives better. For example, development involves having healthy and sufficient food; safety in dwelling place; affordable goods and services; availability of employment opportunities; efficient and adequate utilities (Medicare, education, energy and transport) and being accorded respect and dignity as human being. Various actors pursue development in different spatial setting. For example, governments pursue development nationally while individuals pursue development around their environment such as the homes, villages or urban dwelling. Development is more concerned with the conditions and environment under which goods and services are produced and distributed as compared to economic growth. Economic activities and wealth generation processes give rise to economic environment. Development is also biased to socia l consequences of production and distribution of goods and services. Economic growth alone is not necessarily development especially when few powerful individuals control the growth process. This is because economic growth can concentrate wealth on the hands of the few and leave

Claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Claims - Essay Example Understanding team dynamics, to ensure cooperation of all personnel in the organization. Selecting the right personnel who have the right qualifications. Managing conflicts amongst the different stakeholders in most organizations, and communicating within and outside the organization. (Graham, Shiba, Walden, 2001, p.43) When I was working as scripter for three years, all these skills were evident in all levels of management. In the company, there were different groups doing specific tasks and with different leaders and communication system. The groups are motivated in different ways in respect to their output. In my self assessment test, I was exceedingly interested in working in groups. I like being the group leader since I can manage the group dynamics. In my future career plans, I would like to own a company and manage it myself. The competences are incredibly essential in the entire running of the company. They are inter related in that they all aim at achieve organizational goals and objectives. The effectiveness of a manager is determined by the outcome of the organization in regard to the set objectives and goals. If the skills and competences are effective, the organization will manage to achieve their goals and objectives. In most organization, the managers lack some skills and competences leading to poor management. This is the main reason they do not achieve as it is expected of them. In most organizations, the workers are required to work together and make decisions that will enhance in achievement of organizational objectives. In my uncles company, we were grouped in teams, and this was especially challenging on my part since it was difficult to make a quick decision due to consultations amongst the group members. In the organization, different personnel did more work than others. The organization had a policy of rewarding people and groups based on the output they delivered. This was extraordinarily

Bloom Syndrome: Features, Inheritance and Biochemistry

Bloom Syndrome: Features, Inheritance and Biochemistry Discuss the inheritance, molecular and biochemical defects underlying the clinical features associated with Bloom syndrome Introduction First described by David Bloom in 1954, Bloom syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition resulting in widespread genomic instability and a subsequent predisposition to the development of cancer (Cunniff, 2017). BS is an example of a chromosome breakage syndrome, characterised by defective DNA metabolism and genetic repair mechanisms (Duker, 2002). Effecting less than 300 people worldwide, symptoms include abnormally small size and noticeable redness of the cheeks and nose. People with BS also experience impaired immune system function, reduced fertility and decreased intellectual ability in some cases (Cunniff, 2017). Over a third of the patients in the Bloom syndrome registry descend from Ashkenazi Jewish ethnic lineages (Sanz, 2006). The underlying genetic landscape of BS is complex and not yet fully understood. This essay will discuss clinical symptoms, molecular aetiology, functional consequences, methods of diagnosis and current treatment options for BS. Molecular and transmission genetics As BS is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, each parent of an affected individual must carry one copy of the recessive gene even if they themselves do not have BS. In cases where both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance that their offspring will have the condition, a 50% chance that they will be carriers and a 25% chance that they will not have the condition nor be carriers (Sanz, 2006). BS is known to affect both sexes equally and is common among children resulting from parental consanguinity (German, 2007). As there are so few cases, it is difficult to calculate a specific overall incidence rate (Tikoo, 2010). The gene underlying the pathology of BS, BLM, was mapped to the locus 15q26.1 by German et al (1994) and is currently the only gene known to cause BS (Cunniff, 2017). It encodes for the RECQL3 protein (also known as BLM), a DNA helicase important in a number of processes relating to DNA repair and replication. There are other conditions caused by defects in the RECQ family of proteins including Werner Syndrome (WS) and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) (Duker, 2002). The specific genes involved play unique and distinct roles in the maintenance of genomic integrity, making these conditions distinct from BS. For instance, premature aging is commonly observed in WS and a hallmark facial rash is observed in RTS (Larizza, 2010). BLM has a huge role in maintaining genomic integrity. Reviewed by Cunniff et al (2017), it participates in several pathways related to the DNA damage response (Figure 1). Described in figure 1 as the hero of the story, BLM is instrumental in processing DNA replication intermediates. Some of its duties include recruiting RAD51 and RPA to sites of stalled replication to prevent premature recombination, helping to dissolve double Holliday junctions to limit DNA crossover formation and separating tangled strands that might otherwise lead to errors in recombination. Consequently, BLM mutation can be catastrophic to the cell. Â   Â   Molecular biology and nature of mutations There have been over 60 mutations of the BLM gene identified that are known to cause BS. The most common, BLMAsh, has a carrier frequency of 1 in 110 in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and is unique to patients with this ethnic background (Cunniff, 2017). Ellis et al (1995) performed a mutation analysis of 13 unrelated patients with BS, identifying ten mutations, seven of which were unique. They suggested that the absence of wild-type BLM in turn affects the activity of other DNA repair enzymes, creating a cascade effect. A 2007 report identified 49 BLM mutations that had not been previously described and represents the most comprehensive study of this kind to date in BS (German, 2007). Nineteen of these mutations were found to recur throughout the population of people with BS. There were also several BLM mutations identified that were unique to just one individual, suggesting that there may still be more as yet unidentified BS-causing BLM mutations. Additionally, in nine of the people studied, no BLM mutation could be detected, highlighting the possibility of BS-causing mutations in genes other than BLM. This study also found that people from similar ethnic backgrounds harbouring the recurrent BLM mutations likely inherited them from a common ancestor or founder. The identified mutations included substitutions, deletions and insertions. The most prominent functional consequence was premature translation termination, resulting in incomplete protein product. Amino acid substitution leading to missense mutation was cited as perhaps the most important identified, given that these generally occurred within the DNA helicase region of the gene that is essential for enzymatic activity. Studies have suggested that heterozygotes with only one pathogenic BLM variant may also be at increased risk of developing cancer while exhibiting no other BS symptoms (Cunniff, 2017). Molecular defects and consequences Cells with mutated BLM are unable to perform double-strand break (DSB) repair and this is a key driver behind the hyper-mutational capability of BS cells (Langland, 2002). Chromosomal mutations also occur at high frequency in BS cells and there is vastly increased chromatid exchange leading to profound genetic instability. These cumulative abnormalities mean BS cells are among the most hyper-mutated known (German, 2007). As a result, people with BS experience a markedly higher incidence of cancer, of any type and often at a young age (Cunniff, 2017). Tikoo et al (2010) suggest that BLM mutation may be central to the common master regulatory step that precedes neoplastic transformation in all cancers. A process known as sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) also occurs at a higher than normal rate in BS cells. During DNA replication, each chromosome becomes two identical sister chromatids that are joined with one another. SCE is when sister chromatids break and recombine with each other, allowing exchange of genetic material between the two. A hallmark characteristic of BS cells is a 10x higher frequency of SCE events than normal cells; this allows BS to be distinguished from other similar conditions during diagnosis (Amor-Gueret, 2006; Sanz, 2006). A higher frequency of SCE is indicative of higher rates of mitosis and is a result of abnormal DNA repair attribute to mutated BLM. In the normal cell, BLM is recruited to DSBs on replication forks these are structures facilitating the synthesis of new DNA prior to cell division. A primary function of BLM is to remove the blockage caused by a DSB to prevent premature recombination (Amor-Gueret, 2006). This is crucial in helping to suppress tumorigenesis and BLM has been shown to be indispensable for this process, even though there are alternative mechanisms available to the cell involving different proteins e.g. GEN1 and MUS81 (Arora, 2014). Such widespread genetic instability would normally trigger affected cells to undergo apoptosis. However, Amor-Gueret et al (2006) suggest that BS cells with BLM mutations are able to evade this mechanism by entering into alternative recombination pathways that allow them to progress through the cell cycle even in a hyper-mutated state. Diagnosisgenetic testing/treatment It has been suggested that analysis of BLM protein by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis may be useful in screening for BS, however mutational analysis is required for a concrete diagnosis (Morimoto, 2002). Mutational analysis and genetic testing are important for at-risk couples who are planning to start a family. BS can be diagnosed by the identification of biallelic mutational variants of the BLM gene. However, should this test prove inconclusive; quantifying the frequency of SCE can be used as a further diagnostic tool. BS is the only condition that exhibits this hyper-recombinability phenotype, and so such a test can provide a definitive answer (Sanz, 2006). Because BS is so rare there, is as yet no effective treatment. People with BS should limit their exposure to UV light and should have any infections treated aggressively with antibiotics. Physicians must be mindful of the increased cancer risk and be scrupulous when any potential signs of cancer arise. Frequent screening has also been advised, particularly for colorectal cancer (Arora, 2014). An important consideration when people with BS do develop cancer is how to treat it. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can increase the likelihood of secondary tumors such as lymphomas, and should be avoided where possible. Conclusion BS is an extremely rare condition affecting fewer than 300 people worldwide, with a notable prevalence among the Ashkenazi Jewish community. As there is no effective treatment for the condition, patients and physicians alike must be vigilant and take preventative steps to minimise the risk of developing malignancy. Genetic counselling may also be of benefit to affected individuals for educational purposes and to inform their decision-making if they are considering having children (Cunniff, 2017). In addition to BLM mutational analysis, knowledge of BLM posttranslational modifications and how they might affect protein function is likely to be an important area of research going forward (Tikoo, 2010). Furthermore, as German et al (2007) identified patients with BS but no BLM mutations, the possibility of heterogeneity underlying BS must be further explored through the use of genome sequencing. Future treatments ought to focus on restoring the proper functioning of BLM, or on inhibition of excessive recombination. References Amor-Gueret, M., (2006) Bloom syndrome, genomic instability and cancer: the SOS-like hypothesis. Cancer Letters, 236(1), pp.1-12. Arora, H., Chacon, AH., Choudhary, S., McLeod, MP., et al., (2014) Bloom syndrome. International Journal of Dermatology, 53(7), pp.798-802. Cunniff, C., Bassetti, JA., Ellis, NA,. (2017) Blooms Syndrome: Clinical Spectrum, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Cancer Predisposition. Molecular Syndromology, 8(1), pp.4-23. Duker, NJ., (2002) Chromosome breakage syndromes and cancer. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 115(3), 125-9. Ellis, NA., Groden, J., Ye, TZ., Straughen, J., et al., (1995) The Blooms syndrome gene product is homologous to RecQ helicases. Cell, 83(4), pp.655-666. German, J., Roe, AM., Leppert, MF., Ellis, NA., (1994) Bloom syndrome: an analysis of consanguineous families assigns the locus mutated to chromosome band 15q26.1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(14), pp.6669-6673. German, J., Sanz, MM., Ciocci, S., Ye, TZ., et al., (2007) Syndrome-Causing Mutations of the BLM Gene in Persons in the Blooms Syndrome Registry. Human Mutation, 28(8), pp.743-753. Langland, G., Elliott, J., Li, Y., Creaney, J., et al., (2002) The BLM Helicase Is Necessary for Normal DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Cancer Research, 62(10), pp.2766-2770. Larizza, L., Roversi, G., Volpi, L., (2010) Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-2. Morimoto, W., Kaneko, H., Isoqai, K., Kasahara, K., et al., (2002) Expression of BLM (the causative gene for Bloom syndrome) and screening of Bloom syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 10(1), pp. 95-9. Sanz, MM., German, J., Cunniff, C., (2006) Blooms syndrome, n.p. Tikoo, S., Senqupta, S., (2010) Time to bloom. Genome Integrity, doi: 10.1186/2041-9414-1-14. Health and Safety Policies in Schools: An Example Health and Safety Policies in Schools: An Example Describe how current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are implemented in the setting. Describe how health and safety is monitored and maintained in the setting Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow, The important thing is not to stop questioning - Albert Einstein. This famous quote by Albert Einstein is very true and relevant especially when it comes to Health and Safety. The education establishment in the UK has a very strong emphasis and objective on the Health Safety Work Act (HSWA) 1974. Our whole education system revolves around this act efficiently and effectively. This act governs the HS policies and procedures for any working environment. The HWSA outlines basic and generic duties between employers/employees based on common sense principles in the form of a written Health Safety policy This act was amended in 1999 and further emphasised on what employers should do to manage HS and minimise risk. How employees can facilitate the HSWA and incorporate in their own practical working environment. The important points to consider for all employers and employees are as follows:- Have a written Health and Safety Policy in the working environment. Employers should carry a risk assessment as and when required. Employers should set up emergency policies and procedures at all levels. Employers should provide necessary training and procedures to all employees. Employers should implement the recommendations from the risk assessment. Employees should take reasonable care or the HS of themselves and others. Employees should carry assigned tasks and duties safely in accordance with the law Employees should use correct reporting policies and procedures. If in doubt, of their health or someone else reports it to their line manager/supervisor. Like Albert Einstein, we need to think and never stop questioning our safety and consider others safety and promote the wellbeing of all concerned. In my school, the health and safety policies are used effectively in various ways. The school has approximately 43 Health Policy published on their website https://molescroftprimaryschool.wordpress.com/health-and-safety-policies/ These policies have been adopted from the LA. The school promotes a culture of positive, effective working and learning environment for all staff students and visitors in the school. The school takes its Health and Safety policies and procedures very seriously; under the governing body and the local authoritys guidance, Mr Loncaster is responsible for implementing the schools as well as the corporate directorate HS policies and procedures. All Health Safety procedures are conducted termly. In my school, rigorous training of Health Safety Policy is provided to all members of staff who have different roles and responsibilities of; Fire, Child Protection and First Aid The school does an enhanced DBS for all staff and volunteers who come in contact with the school children. The school requires all potential employees/volunteers to have an induction, prior commencing to work. The induction covers all aspect of HS policies. Appropriate Induction booklet, Keeping Children Safe in Education, ERSCB Safe School, Safe Children, Safe Staff code of conduct are handed to all as part of their induction training. After the induction, volunteers are expected to sign that they have understood the HS Schools policy in the presence of the trainer. The induction is done by the head teacher or one of the Assistant Head Teacher. In addition, all visitors to the school must sign and obtain a badge which permits their valid entry in the school. Signing the register also means that they have r ead and understood the safeguarding statements. The school admin is responsible for checking the visitors and maintaining their records. The school also contains various other HS policies such as building, ground, Adventure playground, E-policy. Often school sends letters to parents via email about E-safety for parents and children. The PE policy covers all equipment/apparatus used in the school, should be checked by their respective coordinators or teachers before used by children in the school. Children use this equipment under the supervision of their teachers. Appropriate footwear, clothing is rigorously checked to ensure the safety of children during their PE lessons. The school caretaker also checks specific play area and Adventure playground daily; daily record sheet is maintained in the school. All electricals used in the classroom/school are stored away. Second-hand objects are prohibited to use in the school. All electrical equipment is PAT tested by the caretaker annually or as and when needed. Records of these test are monitored in HS Report. Our school also covers First Aid policies by providing green posters (written procedures) of First Aid provision information and instruction on all main corridors in case of emergency; these consist of, list of first aider and their contact details according to year groups The school has first aid boxes in all the cloak room; these are checked by lunchtime supervisors who are responsible for first aid. The school has also fire alarms, 3 different types of extinguishers, (foam,co2 and water). There is a comprehensive site survey every term, this includes COSHH records, First aid provision, review of Risk Assessments, fire and safety drills. All staff are required to carry out assigned task and duties safely in accordance with instructions, methods and procedures safely coordinating with their supervisors. Another example of health and safety monitored in our school is by providing sanitised hand gels in all classrooms; children should not leave their classroom unnecessarily. Children use the hand gels after their science experiment or any other class activities to stop spreading germs and viruses which may spread infections. All responsible adults working with children monitor the check and use of this policy. The school strongly believes that children must be able to take responsibility and therefore Safeguarding is also incorporated into their curriculum by 2different ways The school teaches Heath Education, Citizenship, Personal, Social. Themes such as Sex Relationship, Drugs Stranger Danger. Secondly, safety concerning; correct equipment and Risk Assessment plan for PE, specific policy for DT, Finally, the school has also water tight safeguarding policies. There are 22 safeguarding policies published in the public domain https://molescroftprimaryschool.wordpress.com/safeguarding-policies/ The school main gates are secured between 9.30am and 3.00pm and entry is only available via main reception area. Once access inside the main school, the doors are automatically sealed internally. On all the doors there are signs indicating that access to the school is by the school reception even if it starts/end of the day. The school is surrounded by a mixture of fencing. Before the start/end of the day, the car park is secured and locked to avoid accidents or use it as a shortcut route to the main reception area. There is a lollipop man patrolling at the start and end of the day outside the school to prevent accidents. Describe how people in the setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely Parents need to share their childrens medical condition with the school. They need to sign a Health Safety checklist form confirming the information is true. The school stores this information in the schools central office which is maintained by the admin staff. In addition, a brown envelope, containing confidential medical information is available to the class teacher along with the class register and pupil photograph. Medicines are checked, stored away in the designated cabinets in the staff room. They are locked and out of reach of children. All staff are made aware of accessing the keys if needed. Medicines are only administered if prior agreed with the headteacher, Mr Loncaster. Responsible children can administer their own medication. The school holds accountability to any incidents/accidents or unforeseen circumstances to inform parents. The school also is responsible for carrying out extra copies of pupils medical needs for any external educational visit. Collection of pupils: In my school collection of the pupil are ensured for KS1 and Foundation stage by teachers visually identifying parents/carers before letting them go. Occasionally, if a parent is unavailable to collect their child, then they have to ring the school office to notify. The school office passes on this information to the relevant class teacher and simultaneously the teacher writes this information on the board and also lets the child know if there is any change of collection of time/person. vulnerable children are collected by parents/carers on the right day would be subject to, on a confidential basis between the LA, MR Britton, (CPC), and the head teacher Mr Loncaster coordinated by the childrens specific class teacher/TA. The presence of dangerous substances: No one is allowed to bring any substance such as liquid, powder, gels or potions in the school premises without a COSHH Risk Assessment done in advance. A COSHH form must be obtained from the relevant manufacturer/supplier. A detailed COSHH sheet of information and records are maintained in every classroom, where the relevant materials are used and can be accessed easily by any member of staff, A log is kept in the recording sheet which is checked and dated by the caretaker along with the head teacher. All classrooms have Risk Assessment for COSHH checklist sheet posters. These are checked by the class teacher and the TA and ticked off on weekly basis. If a child is found with any kind of medication, then he/she will be taken immediately to the First Aid point and subsequently highlighted to the HS Officer as well as the Head Teacher. Trip/slip: Hazards are notified to all by WET floor signs. Senior members are notified by emails, and the class teacher shares this information with us if it is relevant to us when we are at school. All classrooms have Risk Assessment for trip/hazard checklist sheet posters. These are completed and ticked off on weekly basis. All hazard should be reported to the class teacher or senior management or should be made hazard free if possible in line with the HS policy. If senior members of staff have discovered any hazard or accidental spillage, then its their responsibility to resolve it. This effectively means either informing a caretaker, cleaners. The hazard would be highlighted to the caretaker and assess the risk and if needed act on it. A near miss form would be then completed by the caretaker. Safety or otherwise electrical equipment: Log register is available in all the classroom of electrical safety checks done by the school caretaker every term. The authorities do a formal PAT test, once every 2 years on all electrical equipment; plugs have an up to date PAT test sticker with the date. All classrooms have Risk Assessment electrical safety checklist sheet posters. The checklist also indicates what needs to be done to minimise any accidents happening These checklists are completed by the teachers and the TA and ticked off on weekly basis by the class teacher. Any volunteers/TAs responsibility to let the teacher know if stickers are not on the equipment unless they are a year old. The school follows strict guidelines by The Electricity Work Code of practice/Electricity at Work. Dangers of internet/social networking (staff /pupils): Posters for working safely on the internet is available in all the classrooms. A Clear policy for working safely is also available in the induction pack for staff and volunteers. All classrooms have Risk Assessment checklist sheet posters. These are completed and ticked off on weekly basis by TA and class teacher. Children are supervised when they are learning involving technology. Volunteers are made aware on the Induction of using social networking cautiously especially through emails, social media, or the internet If found compromising confidentiality, disciplinary actions will be taken. The school has published a detailed Acceptable Use Policy; use of Internet/computer specifically for staff and pupils in the school. Some general examples of school monitoring Health Safety: All staff /volunteers get an HS induction/training specific to their job title/role The staff and students hold the corridor and classroom doors to avoid physical injuries All visitors are made aware of fire evacuation process by posters at all main points. There is a fire alarm button indicated at all main exit points, if anyone discovers a fire in any part of the building then they should set the alarm off. A hand gel is available in all classrooms and corridors to avoid infection or virus. All staff toilets have posters and materials to clean bodily fluid and easy quick access to yellow V sign to make aware of slips/hazards. All relevant schools HS policies are easily accessible and are in the public domain. General Safety in school: Fire officer come in school once a year Local Authorities come in school to PAT test once in 2 years. Caretaker PAT test all electrical equipment termly and logs are maintained in relevant areas of the equipment. The site manager/caretaker checks the general safety of the school for eg. site checks, and security, indoor and outdoor of the school, school fencing, playground, Adventure Playground, weekly fire safety system checks, fire log book, including fire drill report, snow and path clearing, yellow line marking, building documentation/records/site maintenance manual. All employees have a responsibility to act immediately upon discovering or receiving a report of a workplace hazard; to rectify or otherwise make the situation safe All employees report all accidents and any unsafe practices or conditions to their Supervisor /line manager as we are all responsible for the safety of ours and other as well as children. Use appropriate tools/equipment in accordance to information/manual/training provided. All staff/volunteers should play a vital role in ensuring the schools cleanliness, tidiness, and maintain the highest hygiene. All staff/volunteers are encouraged to use the Whistleblowing Policy if they believe may compromise School, Local or National Policy and Law. Induction book also contains a phone no 01482394123 of the LA. My role as a Work Experience TA in Molescroft Primary School: As I have written in depth the Health and Safety monitoring policies and procedures in the school, I have a very similar responsibility as any other official staff of the school. Before I commenced to work, the school conducted an enhanced DBS check. Followed by the DBS, I was given an induction. Tour of the school was given by the Head Teacher Mr Loncaster, pointing out posters of emergency procedures such as First Aid, Fire, Fire assembly point. The induction was covered with detailed information on various policy, especially in depth of the Health Safety and the Safeguarding policy because I would be working with children in the classroom. An example from the point of safeguarding policy is I must not work with a lone child in the classroom with doors closed. I must not carry/move awkward objects in the school. I must challenge anyone who is not wearing a badge simultaneously If Im found inside the school premises without a badge, then I would also be challenged. Training was pro vided by using equipment in the school. As mentioned earlier that I have to take responsibility for understanding and implementing the schools HS policies I was made to sign the induction checklist that I have understood the schools policies and will strictly follow in the school. My schools Health and Safety is monitored by

Freedom both Digital and Literal Essay -- Censorship

With recent events such as the Megaupload shutdown and occupy protests around the globe, the internet and its current state has been receiving much attention. The internet has become an integral part of our lives, link people overseas, transmitting ideas, and propelling innovation. Because of this, governments and service providers should not regulate, restrict, or censor the internet. The Internet we know today serves as a medium for our entertainment, communication, and commercial needs. It is something many of us have come to take for granted. However, the original intended purpose of the first â€Å"internet† goes back to the days of the Cold War where the ever looming threat of a nuclear missile strike prompted the U.S., as well as many other countries, to build a robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer network. By 1970, ARPANET had been born, funded by the Department of Defense and linking research facilities from the east coast to the west. Not until the 1990’s was the internet commercialized, gaining widespread popularity and incorporated into many aspects of our lives. With 2.2 billion people connected today, problems must undoubtedly rise. However, how different groups attempt to handle these problems can be as different as day and night. There are several issues at stake here regarding regulation, including anti-piracy laws, net neutrality, and freedom of speech. The most recent of these issues concerns many pieces â€Å"anti-piracy† legislation that have appeared before Congress in the United States and before the European Union. In 2010, Congress attempted to quietly pass the Combatting Infringement and Counterfeits Act. Fortunately, news quickly spread and petitions were submitted to prevent its passing. Senator Wy... ... saw."ZDNet. ZDNet, 15 Nov 2011. Web. 13 Apr 2012. "Growing Chorus of Opposition to "Stop Online Piracy Act"."Center for Democracy & Technology. N.P., 09 Jan 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. PROTECT IP Act of 2011, S. 968, 112th Cong.  § 3(d)(2)(D); "Text of S. 968," Govtrack.us. May 26, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011. "Senator: Web Censorship Bill A ‘Bunker-Busting Cluster Bomb’." Wired. (2012): 1. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. Tassi, Paul. "You Will Never Kill Piracy, and Piracy Will Never Kill You." Forbes. Forbes, 03 FEB 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. "BitTorrent Piracy Doesn’t Affect US Box Office Returns, Study Finds." Torrentfreak. N.p., 10 Feb 2012. Web. 13 Apr 2012. Suderman, Peter. "Internet Cop." Reason. 01 Mar. 2011: 20. eLibrary. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. "Background." Global Internet Freedom Consortium. 04 June 2006. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. .

Process of Business Research Methods

The steps of basic and applied research are the following: 1. OBSERVATION (Broad Area of Research Interest Identified) – Identification of broad problem area through the process of observing and focusing on the situation. Any area/situation that has got identified for improvement can be classified as a broad problem area. 2. PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING (Interviewing Literature Survey)- Once the broad problem area has got identified, the same can be narrowed down to specific issues for investigation through preliminary data gathering. . PROBLEM DEFINATION (Research Problem Delineated)- It is clear , precise and succinct statement of the question or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding an answer or solution. 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (Variables clearly identified and labeled)- A theoretical framework is a conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among the several factors that have been identified as important to the pro blem. It is a logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations among the variables( dependent/criterion , independent/predictor, moderating , intervening) deemed relevant to problem definition. 5. GENERATION OF HYPOTHESIS- After identification of important variables and establishing the relationships amongst them, formulating of testable statements (to test the relationships) is called hypothesis development. The null hypothesis states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables. The hypothesis is tested scientifically through appropriate statistical analyses. 6. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN – Design of the research in a way that requisite data can be gathered and analyzed to arrive at a solution. Experimental designs need to be done to examine the possible cause and effects on the various variables. 7. DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: For data collection, sources of data (primary or secondary) need to be identified first. If secondary sources, then data is already available for analysis. If primary data is required, sources of data can be focus groups, panels and unobtrusive sources. Next will be the data collection methods, which can be through interviewing, questionnaires, observational studies, projective tests. Various sampling techniques can be used in structuring the samples for example simple random sampling, Stratified random sampling , systematic sampling etc. After the data is gathered, then the data is made ready for analysis by editing, coding, categorizing data and entering data in computer system for further analysis. . Data Analysis – Basic objectives of data analysis is getting the feel of the data, testing the goodness of data for reliability, validity and for hypothesis testing. Once the various statistical tests like t-test, Pearson correlations matrix etc. are done on the data, interpretations are being drawn from the respective tests. Sometimes software like SAS , SPSS are getting used worldwide to do the data analysis. 8. DEDUCTION (Hypothesis substantiated? research questions answered? ) – It is a process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the results of the data analysis. It validates the hypothesis or research questions. 9. REPORT WRITING – After the deduction a detailed report is written with the definite title , table of contents and the various steps with acknowledgements , summary etc. 10. REPORT PRESENTATION:- After the preparation of the report , main summary along with the findings is sometimes required to be presented to some authorized committee. 11. MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING: After the written and oral presentation, managers required to take decisions based on the reports. Though this particular step is not strictly part of the BRM process , however this step is important to complete the cycle which started with the observation of the problem and the problem getting addressed to by the managerial decision.

hate crimes essays

hate crimes essays A homosexual male is beaten to death because of the openness of his sexual orientation. A Jewish woman is assaulted while walking to her car in a Jewish temple parking lot. A white supremacy group shoots an African American teenager. Many would say that these people had simply been in the wrong place at the wrong time, and that these crimes were nothing different than what takes place all over the country everyday. However, it is not that simple. These crimes, along with thousands of others, were committed due to a bias on a certain group. There is much more thought that goes into these types of crimes. Offenders do not simply choose their victims randomly, but they choose them based on prejudices or specific characteristics. These crimes are happening everyday all over the world, and it is the goal of many individuals along with specialized organizations to stop the hatred. In order to encourage peace, one must understand the history of these crimes and dig deep into the minds of th e offenders. Innocent people are being hurt or even killed everyday. This must not What are hate crimes? Crimes that are directed toward members of a certain group are called hate crimes. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, a hate crime is a criminal offense committed against a person or property that is motivated in whole or in part by the offenders bias against a race, religion, ethnic/national origin group or sexual orientation group (Altschiller 2). Some violent hate crimes result in the most brutal murders (Altschiller 2). But hate crimes do not always result in violence; in fact forty percent of hate crimes are acts of intimidation (Hate in America). A hate crime could be anything from a threatening phone call to an African American because of their race, or a swastika painted on a Jewish cemetery (Altschiller 2). Hate crimes are everywhere and it is amazing to realize what some offenders ha ...

A Heart of Fire essays

A Heart of Fire essays Slowly he walked down the hallways. His head ducked down, and his eyes slightly closed. His head was slightly turned towards the wall; he was trying to hide his tears. The slow movement of his tears felt like wet drips of sand, gently carving paths of heartbreak across his face. His heart felt as if it was on fire, and his mind was a jumble of thoughts. Why did kids have to be so mean to him? Was he really so different then them? Was he really the freak they accused him of being? A door jutted open in front of him, and turning quickly out of the way, he ran to the bathroom. He had to be alone. As he entered the bathroom he caught site of his reflection. Turning his face slightly toward the mirrors, he took a good long hard look at himself. He starred into his own deep dark brown eyes. His tears streamed down his chubby cheeks. His glasses seemed to fog from his misting eyes. "I hate VT," his words echoed around the old cement room. " I want to go home" John had moved to VT a few months earlier. He had hated the idea from the beginning. He was happy in NY. Why should he have to uproot from the only home he has ever known? " I grew up in that house," he thought. " Why can't my dad just keep working at the same place." A truth a, realization, something I found. When I was at the age of eight years old, I discovered a truth about mankind. We are cruel. Now to some, this seems like nothing short of common sense. But to a child, a child of a pure and gentle heart. This comes as a shock. I remember this day very clearly and the pain I felt. I remember the years after, and the torturous teasing, beatings, and stabbing that I endured. My case of Harassment wasn't just any normal sticks and stones. My peers horribly ridiculed me. And would you like to know the reasons why? " Oh Paul you are just one of those kids who always gets made fun of, its just who you are." I also made a realization. One of my stature could fight back. A ...

Dirt Bikes Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dirt Bikes Management - Essay Example The company has since customized its products to racing and off-road recreational activities. The company does marketing through involving or participating in staged races with it bikes. The most renowned dirty bike staged races in the United States include the Daytona Bike Week competitions and Barstow-Las Vegas race. The company has four services that include the Enduro 250, the Enduro 550, the Moto 300 and the Moto 450. d) How many employees are managers, production workers, or knowledge or information workers? Are there levels of management? The company has since grown from two employees that it started with as its owners to the current 120 employees that include design, engineering, and production teams along with 3 engineers and 3 full-time product designers. Additionally, the company has 20 employees in line with corporate sales and administrative staff. The company also has 4 person parts department. The departmental employees form the company’s management team that in clude 5 employees in the shipping and receiving department, 1 marketing manager, 1 controller, I accountant, 1 administrative assistant, 2 HRs, and 2 information system specialists. The above listing and categorizing of employees show that the company has well-articulated levels of management. e) What kinds of information systems and technologies would be the most important for a company such as Dirt Bikes? Information systems and technologies are vital in facilitating decision making both at high and low levels of management.

DPB Portfolio Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

DPB Portfolio - Coursework Example es in International Context, Project, English Language Grade 6, Business Communication 3, International Marketing and Export Trade, International Trade: Payments and Law While studying BA (Hons) International trade and business communication at the University of Portsmouth, I describe the skills I learnt through the course as having given me a thorough grounding in various subjects I wished that I was interested in and wished to specializes or practice later in life. From, the first year I was introduced to the numerous problems or challenges faced by individuals in the business world. Moreover, the skills which were imparted through the course enabled me to develop an idea of how to solve the different challenges that came along the way. At the end of the course I was able to achieve a consolidation of my study through numerous aspects like personal studies and research. Moreover, the business skills which I learned also have opened other opportunities to study a wide range of subjects like those falling in the faculty of humanity and social sciences. I achieved the task of acquiring the skills I have today through am intense process of dedication and hard work in my studies. Being that the University of Portsmouth has entry levels, I studied heartily to pass my GSCE levels at Bay House School, Gosport with ten passes as between the grades A-B. After that I joined St. Vincent College for my A levels and passed with flying colors to be admitted at the university of Portsmouth which imparted me with the skills of accounting, marketing, business law, human resources, management dissertations, consumer led demand and other primary skills which has greatly played a significant role in my studies and career to date. At ST. Vincent College and in taking my BA (Hons) at Portsmouth University I reflect on various learning points which changed my views of what I would do when provided with another chance to pursue the same courses at the institutions. With flying